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Alimony is a legal obligation on a person to provide financial support to their spouse before or after marital separation or divorce. The obligation arises from the divorce law or family law of each country.
William Harrison Frist is an American physician, businessman and politician who served as United States Senator from Tennessee from 1995 to 2007. A heart and lung transplant surgeon by occupation, he was Senate Majority Leader from 2003 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, commonly referred to as the 1994 Crime Bill, the Clinton Crime Bill, or the Biden Crime Law, is an Act of Congress dealing with crime and law enforcement; it became law in 1994. It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States and consisted of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers, $9.7 billion in funding for prisons and $6.1 billion in funding for prevention programs, which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers. Sponsored by U.S. Representative Jack Brooks of Texas, the bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Senator Joe Biden of Delaware drafted the Senate version of the legislation in cooperation with National Association of Police Organizations, also incorporating the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) with Senator Orrin Hatch.
Richard Edmund Neal is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Massachusetts's 1st congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district from 1989 to 2012. He is the dean of Massachusetts's delegation to the House of Representatives.
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels.
In the United States, federal mandates are orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector.
Mark Roosevelt is an American academic administrator and politician, currently serving as the seventh president of the Santa Fe campus of St. John's College. He was the President of Antioch College from January 2011 to December 2015 and superintendent of the Pittsburgh Public Schools, the second largest school district in Pennsylvania, until December 31, 2010. He served as a state legislator in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and was the Democratic nominee for governor in the 1994 Massachusetts gubernatorial election. Roosevelt is the great-grandson of Theodore Roosevelt.
The 109th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, from January 3, 2005 to January 3, 2007, during the fifth and sixth years of George W. Bush's presidency. House members were elected in the 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. Senators were elected in three classes in the 2000 elections on November 7, 2000, 2002 elections on November 5, 2002, or 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-second Census of the United States in 2000. Both chambers had a Republican majority, the same party as President Bush.
Robert "Bob" Slavin, Ph.D., is an educational researcher who directs the Center for Research and Reform in Education at Johns Hopkins University. Born in Bethesda, Maryland in 1950, he received his B.A. in Psychology in 1972 at Reed College. He received his Ph.D. in Social Relations at Johns Hopkins University in 1975, and since then has spent his entire career at Johns Hopkins, working as a full-time researcher in research centers. He also worked part-time at the University of York in England from 2008 to 2016, co-founding and leading a research center there, the Institute for Effective Education.
The Francis W. Parker Charter Essential School is a public charter school in Devens, Massachusetts, United States that serves students in grades 7 to 12. It was established in 1995 under the Massachusetts Education Reform Act of 1993, and serves about 400 students from 40 surrounding towns in north central Massachusetts, including Ayer, Shirley, Littleton, Leominster, Lunenburg, and Worcester. As a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, a leading organization for education reform, Parker is known for its nontraditional educational philosophy. The school takes its name from Francis Wayland Parker, a 19th-century pioneer of the progressive school movement.
The Sweet Hereafter is a 1997 Canadian drama film written and directed by Atom Egoyan, starring Ian Holm, Sarah Polley, and Bruce Greenwood, and adapted from the 1991 novel of the same name by Russell Banks. The film tells the story of a school bus accident in a small town that results in the deaths of numerous children. A class-action lawsuit ensues, proving divisive in the community and becoming tied with personal and family issues.
Karen E. Spilka is an American politician and attorney serving as a member of the Massachusetts Senate from the 2nd Middlesex and Norfolk district, which includes the towns of Ashland, Framingham, Franklin, Holliston, Hopkinton, Medway and Natick in the MetroWest region of Massachusetts.
Dwight W. Allen is a professor of education, eminent scholar, and lifelong education reformist. He served as a professor and Director of Teacher Education at his alma mater, the Stanford Graduate School of Education from 1959 to 1967. He was Dean of the College of Education, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, from 1968 to 1975. In 1978, Allen became a Professor of Education and Eminent Scholar of Educational Reform at Old Dominion University in Virginia. Allen retired from Old Dominion University in July 2008.
Competency-based learning or competency-based education is a framework for teaching and assessment of learning in an educational setting. It is also described as a type of education based on predetermined "competencies," which focuses on outcomes and real-world performance. Competency-based learning is sometimes presented as an alternative to traditional methods of assessment in education.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Bristol district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers parts of Bristol County and Plymouth County. Democrat Bill Straus of Mattapoisett has represented the district since 1993.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 5th Norfolk district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Norfolk County. Democrat Mark Cusack of Braintree has represented the district since 2011.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 9th Worcester district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Worcester County. Republican David Muradian of Grafton has represented the district since 2015.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 7th Norfolk district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Norfolk County. Democrat Bill Driscoll Jr. of Milton has represented the district since 2017.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 19th Suffolk district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Suffolk County. Democrat Bob DeLeo of Winthrop has represented the district since 1995.
The 184th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 2005 and 2006 during the governorship of Mitt Romney. Robert Travaglini served as president of the Senate and Salvatore DiMasi served as speaker of the House.
References
- Driscoll, L., Berger, J.B., Hambleton, R.K., Keller, L.A., Maloy, R.W., Hart, D.,...Churchill, A. (2005). Education reform: Ten years after the Massachusetts Education Reform Act of 1993. Nonpartisan Education Review, 1(2). Retrieved from https://www.nonpartisaneducation.org/Review/Resources/ed.connection.2003.pdf
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