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The Taliban,which also refers to itself by its state name,the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,is an Afghan militant movement with an ideology comprising elements of Pashtun nationalism and the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism. It ruled approximately 75% of the country from 1996 to 2001,before it was overthrown by an American invasion. It recaptured Kabul in August 2021 following the departure of coalition forces,after 20 years of Taliban insurgency,and now controls all the country. The Taliban government is not recognized by any country and has been internationally condemned for restricting human rights,including for women to work and have an education.
The Islamic State of Afghanistan was established by the Peshawar Accords of 26 April 1992. Many Afghan mujahideen parties participated in its creation,after the fall of the socialist government. Its power was limited due to the country's second civil war,which was won by the Taliban,who took control of Kabul in 1996. The Islamic state then transitioned to a government in exile and led the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. It remained the internationally recognized government of Afghanistan at the United Nations until 2001,when the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was created and an Afghan Interim Administration took control of Afghanistan with US and NATO assistance following the overthrow of the first Taliban government. The Transitional Islamic State was subsequently transformed into the Islamic Republic,which existed until the Taliban seized power again in 2021 following a prolonged insurgency.
Afghan passports are international travel documents issued by the General Directorate of Passports to nationals and citizens of Afghanistan. Every person with a valid Afghan identity card (Tazkira) can apply for and receive an Afghan passport,which is renewable every 5–10 years.
The War in Afghanistan was an armed conflict that took place from 2001 to 2021. Launched as a direct response to the September 11 attacks,the war began when an international military coalition led by the United States invaded Afghanistan,declaring Operation Enduring Freedom as part of the earlier-declared war on terror,toppling the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate,and establishing the Islamic Republic three years later. The Taliban and its allies were expelled from major population centers by US-led forces supporting the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance;Osama bin Laden,meanwhile,relocated to neighboring Pakistan. The conflict officially ended with the 2021 Taliban offensive,which overthrew the Islamic Republic,and re-established the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States,surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately six months.
The February 2009 raids on Kabul were a series of strikes by the Taliban against Afghan government targets in Kabul,Afghanistan on February 11,2009. The attacks killed 21 and injured 57. The attacks happened the day before the new American envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan,Richard Holbrooke,was due to arrive in the country.
Events from the year 2008 in Afghanistan.
The Leadership Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,also translated as the Supreme Council,is an advisory council to the Supreme Leader of Afghanistan. The supreme leader convenes and chairs the council at his sole discretion. He has ultimate authority and may override or circumvent it at any time. It played a key role in directing the Taliban insurgency from Quetta,Pakistan,which led to it being informally referred to as the Quetta Shura at the time.
Abdul Ghani Baradar is an Afghan militant and religious leader who is the acting first deputy prime minister,alongside Abdul Salam Hanafi,of the internationally unrecognized post-2021 Taliban regime in Afghanistan. A co-founder of the Taliban along with Mullah Omar,he was Omar's top deputy from 2002 to 2010,and since 2019 he has been the Taliban's fourth-in-command,as the third of Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada's three deputies.
Muhammad Rasul was the leader of the High Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,a Taliban dissident group in Afghanistan,until the group's dissolution in 2021. He was a Taliban-appointed governor of Nimruz Province,Afghanistan. Rasul exerted pressure and suppression on Pashtun factions unpopular with the Taliban,and made a considerable fortune controlling cross-border drug-smuggling through Nimruz.
The Afghanistan High Peace Council (HPC) was a body of the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program,established by Hamid Karzai to negotiate with elements of the Taliban. The HPC was established on 5 September 2010. The last chairman of the council was former Afghan Vice-President Karim Khalili who was appointed to the post in June 2017.The council was initially chaired by former President of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani until his assassination in 2011.
Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob Mujahid is an Afghan militant commander and cleric who is the second deputy leader of Afghanistan and the acting defense minister in the internationally unrecognized Taliban regime since 2021. He has been a deputy leader of the Taliban since 2016,and was additionally appointed to his ministerial role after the Taliban's victory over Western-backed forces in the 2001–2021 war. He has been the Taliban's military chief since 2020.
Hamdullah Mohib is a Pashtun Afghan politician and former diplomat.
Peace processes have taken place during several phases of the Afghanistan conflict,which has lasted since the 1978 Saur Revolution.
On 31 July 2019,a roadside bomb killed 34 civilians and injured another 17 who were on a bus in Farah Province,Afghanistan. President Ashraf Ghani's spokesman confirmed that the perpetrators were the Taliban.
On the morning of 1 March 2019,Taliban gunmen and suicide bombers attacked Camp Shorabak in Helmand Province,Afghanistan. They killed 23 Afghan soldiers and injured another 15. Twenty insurgents were killed. None of the US Marine advisers stationed at the military base were injured.
The Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan,commonly known as the United States–Taliban deal or the Doha Accord,was a peace agreement signed by the United States and the Taliban on 29 February 2020 in Doha,Qatar,to bring an end to the 2001–2021 war in Afghanistan. Negotiated for the US by Zalmay Khalilzad for the Trump administration,the agreement did not involve the then Afghan government. The deal,which also had secret annexes,was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF). Adhering to the conditions of the deal,the US dramatically reduced the number of US air raids,leaving the ANDSF without a key advantage in keeping the Taliban at bay. This resulted in "a sense of abandonment within the ANDSF and the Afghan population" according to a report by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). ANDSF was ill-prepared to sustain security following a US withdrawal,which allowed for the Taliban insurgency,ultimately leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul on 15 August 2021.
On 15 August 2021,Afghanistan's capital city of Kabul was captured by the Taliban after a major insurgent offensive that began in May 2021. It was the final action of the War in Afghanistan,and marked a total victory for the Taliban. This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban.
The republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing low-level guerrilla war between the National Resistance Front and allied groups which fight under the banner of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on one side,and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on the other side. On 17 August 2021,former first vice president of Afghanistan Amrullah Saleh declared himself the "caretaker" president of Afghanistan and announced the resistance. On 26 August,a brief ceasefire was declared. On 1 September,talks broke down and fighting resumed as the Taliban attacked resistance positions.
The war in Afghanistan ended with the Taliban victorious when the United States withdrew its troops from Afghanistan. The aftermath has been characterized by marked change in the social and political order of Afghanistan as Taliban took over the country once again after the fall of Kabul in 2021.
References
- ↑ کاکړ, جاويد هميم (14 March 2022). "سرپرست حکومت په وزارتونو، ولایتونو او قول اردو ګانو کې نوې ټاکنې وکړې".
- ↑ "جمهور - تعیینات جدید از سوی رهبر طالبان انجام شد". 14 March 2022.
- 1 2 Erfanyar, Ahmad Shah (10 September 2020). "Biographies of intra-Afghan peace talks negotiators".