Luxembourg is a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy,whereby the prime minister is the head of government,and the multi-party system. Executive power is under the constitution of 1868,as amended,exercised by the government,by the grand duke and the Council of Government (cabinet),which consists of a prime minister and several other ministers. Usually,the prime minister is the leader of the political party or coalition of parties having the most seats in parliament. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Maximilian,Margrave of Baden,also known as Max von Baden,was a German prince,general,and politician. He was heir presumptive to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Baden,and in October and November 1918 briefly served as the last chancellor of the German Empire and minister-president of Prussia. He sued for peace on Germany's behalf at the end of World War I based on U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and took steps towards transforming the government into a parliamentary system. As the German Revolution of 1918–1919 spread,he handed over the office of chancellor to SPD Chairman Friedrich Ebert and unilaterally proclaimed the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II. Both events took place on 9 November 1918,marking the beginning of the Weimar Republic.
Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier was a French politician who served as President of France for six months in 1894-1895.
Lydie Polfer is a Luxembourgish politician who has served in a number of capacities,including Deputy Prime Minister,Minister for Foreign Affairs,and Mayor of Luxembourg City,as well as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and a member of the Chamber of Deputies. She is a member of the Democratic Party (DP).
Cyril Svoboda is a Czech politician,who was leader of the Christian and Democratic Union –Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU–ČSL) in 2001–2003 and 2009–2010,and a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1998–2010. During his political career he held several ministerial positions,including Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He founded the Diplomatic Academy in Prague in 2011 and is currently lecturing at several universities in Prague.
Jean Asselborn is a Luxembourgish former politician who served in the government of Luxembourg as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2004 until 2023. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister from 2004 to 2013,under Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker. At the time of his retirement from national politics in 2024,he consistently ranked as the most popular politician in Luxembourg,with a popularity rate of around 80%.
Luc Frieden is a Luxembourgish politician and lawyer who serves as the 25th prime minister of Luxembourg since November 2023. A member of the Christian Social People's Party (CSV),he held numerous cabinet positions in the Luxembourgish government between 1998 and 2013,notably serving as the minister for the Treasury and Budget during the transition from the Franc to the Euro and as Minister of Finance during the European debt crisis. Frieden was president of the Luxembourgish Chamber of Commerce and Eurochambres,the business federation of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
Petr Nečas is a Czech former politician who served as the prime minister of the Czech Republic and leader of the Civic Democratic Party from 2010 to 2013,and as Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1993 to 2013.
Massimo D'Alema is an Italian politician and journalist who was the 53rd prime minister of Italy from 1998 to 2000. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2008. D'Alema also served for a time as national secretary of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). Earlier in his career,D'Alema was a member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and was the first former Communist party member to become prime minister of a NATO country and the only former PCI prime minister of Italy. Due to his first name and for his dominant position in the left-wing coalitions during the Second Republic,he is referred to as Leader Maximo. He is also the author of several books.
Dario Franceschini is an Italian lawyer,writer,and politician,member of the Democratic Party (PD),of which he briefly became leader in 2009. Franceschini served as Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism,a position that he held from February 2014 to June 2018 and again from September 2019 to October 2022,making him the longest-serving cultural heritage minister in the history of the Italian Republic. Franceschini also served as Minister for Parliamentary Relations from 2013 to 2014.
Lubomír Zaorálek is a Czech politician,who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka from 2014 to 2017,and Minister of Culture under Prime Minister Andrej Babišfrom 2019 to 2021. He was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1996 to 2021,and unsuccessfully ran for the premiership in the 2017 election but his Social Democratic Party received only 7% of the vote.
Xavier Bettel is a Luxembourgish lawyer and politician who serves as the 14th deputy prime minister of Luxembourg and as the minister for Foreign Affairs since 2023. He served as the 24th prime minister of Luxembourg from 2013 to 2023. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies (1999–2013) and Mayor of Luxembourg City (2011–2013).
Bohuslav Sobotka is a Czech politician and lawyer who served as the prime minister of the Czech Republic from January 2014 to December 2017 and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) from 2010 until his resignation in June 2017. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1996 to 2018. Sobotka also served as minister of Finance from 2002 to 2006.
Marina Sereni is an Italian politician of the Democratic Party (PD) who has been serving as deputy minister of foreign affairs in the governments of prime ministers Giuseppe Conte and Mario Draghi since 2019.
Andrea Orlando is an Italian politician who served as minister of labour and social policies from 2021 to 2022 in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Mario Draghi. From 2013 to 2018 he served as minister of the environment under Enrico Letta and as minister of justice under Matteo Renzi and Paolo Gentiloni from 2014 to 2018. He served as deputy secretary of the Democratic Party between 2019 and 2021.
Ivan Scalfarotto is an Italian politician and activist,committed to LGBT rights. A member of the Italian Parliament,he was a Deputy Minister at the Italian Ministry of Interior.
Michael Georg Link is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has served a member of the Bundestag from 2005 to 2013 and again since 2017. In addition to his parliamentary mandate,he has been serving as the Coordinator of Transatlantic Cooperation at the Federal Foreign Office in the coalition government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz since 2022.
Jan Hamáček is a Czech politician who was leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) from February 2018 until October 2021,and minister of the Interior from June 2018 to December 2021. He also served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2017,and was acting minister of Foreign Affairs from June to October 2018 and from 12 to 21 April 2021. Hamáček was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2006 to 2021.
Florian Hahn is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2009.
Fernand Etgen is a Luxembourgish politician of the Democratic Party (DP) who served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies from 2018 to 2023.
