Medication therapy management

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Medication therapy management, generally called medicine use review in the United Kingdom, is a service provided typically by pharmacists, medical affairs, and RWE scientists that aims to improve outcomes by helping people to better understand their health conditions and the medications used to manage them. [1] This includes providing education on the disease state and medications used to treat the disease state, ensuring that medicines are taken correctly, reducing waste due to unused medicines, looking for any side effects, and providing education on how to manage any side effects. [2] The process that can be broken down into five steps: medication therapy review, personal medication record, medication-related action plan, intervention and or referral, and documentation and follow-up. [3] [4]

Contents

The medication therapy review has the pharmacist review all of the prescribed medications, any over the counter medications, and all dietary supplements an individual is taking. This allows the pharmacist to look for any duplications or dangerous drug interactions. [5] [6] This service can be especially valuable for people who are older, have several chronic conditions, take multiple medications, or are seen by multiple doctors. [7] [3] [4]

United States

In 2014, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services required Part D plans to include an MTM program, [8] which led to an expansion of services offered. [9] MTM services are provided free to eligible patients enrolled in a plan. As of 2019, to be eligible a patient must have at least two (or three, for some plans) chronic conditions, take multiple drugs covered by Part D, and are predicted to exceed a preset amount in annual out of pocket costs for their covered Part D drugs (set at $3,967 in 2018 and $4,044 in 2019). [10] [11] Plans are permitted to expand MTM eligibility to patients not meeting the minimum required criteria if they so choose. [10]

Comprehensive medication review

As part of the minimum required services, plans must provide for a comprehensive medication review (CMR) once per year, usually conducted by a pharmacist. Per CMS guidance, the goal of the CMR is to "improve patients’ knowledge of their prescriptions, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, herbal therapies and dietary supplements, identify and address problems or concerns that patients may have, and empower patients to self manage their medications and their health conditions." [10] The CMR is conducted in an interactive manner either in person or through telehealth. A pharmacist or other provider conducting a CMR will use information from various sources, such as the pharmacy fill records, the patient's pill bottles, a patient interview, and/or discussion with caregivers to identify potential improvements that can be made in the patient's therapy. [12] The pharmacist will then make any appropriate recommendations to the patient's doctor, as well as document their findings in a format similar to a SOAP note. [12] The patient must be provided a medication action plan with a list of their medications, directions, and any steps they need to take to improve their therapy (such as using reminders, organizing, stopping old medications, etc). [12] Most comprehensive medication reviews result in pharmacist intervention to recommend changes to therapy to a doctor, and/or recommendations to the patient to improve adherence/efficacy of their medications. [13] [14]

Targeted medication review

A targeted medication review (TMR, also called targeted intervention program or TIP) is a required service for eligible patients that focuses on a specific medication or disease state and is conducted once every three months. [10] The goal of a TMR program is to improve adherence to medication and identify and fix drug therapy problems common in chronic diseases such as nonadherence, duplicate therapy, or sub-optimal therapy. [12] The pharmacist or provider will contact the patient to ensure adherence, identify potential problems with the therapy, and make any appropriate recommendations to the prescriber. The provision of TMR services to patients with chronic diseases has been shown to decrease the number of inpatient admissions per 1000 patients by about 50 admissions per 1000 patients. [12]

United Kingdom

A medicine use review (MUR) is an advanced service offered by pharmacies in the United Kingdom. It is part of the current contract pharmacies hold with the National Health Service (NHS). An MUR is an opportunity for patients to discuss their medicines with a qualified pharmacist. An MUR is a free NHS service that is held in a private consultation room at a local pharmacy. It is not meant to replace the role of the general practitioner but rather provide:

Pharmacies in the United kingdom are paid £28 for each Medicines Use Review undertaken, up to a maximum of 400 per pharmacy, per year. At least 70% of patients must be in one of the four target groups:

The introduction of pharmacists into GP surgeries means that the practice pharmacists can do more to ensure that reviews are carried out where necessary. [16]

Abuse of system

There have been concerns over abuse of the system, whereby multiple pharmacies are using the system to charge the £28 fee for each 10- to 15-minute MUR, and pressuring pharmacists to meet targets for the number carried out, with the review more of a tick-box exercise than a benefit for the patient. There have also been cases of falsification of figures. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

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A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications and who provides pharmaceutical advice and guidance. Pharmacists often serve as primary care providers in the community, and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy</span> Clinical health science

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered clinical pharmacy.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypharmacy</span> Use of five or more medications daily

Polypharmacy (polypragmasia) is an umbrella term to describe the simultaneous use of multiple medicines by a patient for their conditions. The term polypharmacy is often defined as regularly taking five or more medicines but there is no standard definition and the term has also been used in the context of when a person is prescribed 2 or more medications at the same time. Polypharmacy may be the consequence of having multiple long-term conditions, also known as multimorbidity and is more common in people who are older. In some cases, an excessive number of medications at the same time is worrisome, especially for people who are older with many chronic health conditions, because this increases the risk of an adverse event in that population. In many cases, polypharmacy cannot be avoided, but 'appropriate polypharmacy' practices are encouraged to decrease the risk of adverse effects. Appropriate polypharmacy is defined as the practice of prescribing for a person who has multiple conditions or complex health needs by ensuring that medications prescribed are optimized and follow 'best evidence' practices.

A consultant pharmacist is a pharmacist who works as a consultant providing expert advice on clinical pharmacy, academic pharmacy or practice, public health pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, community pharmacy or practice, pharmaceutical analysis etc., regarding the safe use and production of medications or on the provision of pharmaceutical services to medical institutions, hospitals, universities, research institutions, medical practices and individual patients.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telepharmacy</span> Pharmacy care by telecommunication

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Comprehensive medication management (CMM) is the process of delivering clinical services aimed at ensuring a patient's medications (including prescribed, over-the-counter, vitamins, supplements and alternative) are individually assessed to determine that they have an appropriate reason for use, are efficacious for treating their respective medical condition or helping meet defined patient or clinical goals, are safe considering comorbidities and other medications being taken, and are able to be taken by the patient as intended without difficulty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drug utilization review</span>

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References

  1. ↑ "Pharmacist-Led Medication Therapy Management Innovations". AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange. September 9, 2016.
  2. ↑ Pellegrino, AN; Martin, MT; Tilton, JJ; Touchette, DR (2009). "Medication therapy management services: definitions and outcomes". Drugs. 69 (4): 393–406. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969040-00001. PMID   19323584. S2CID   9433253.
  3. 1 2 "Medication Therapy Management in Pharmacy Practice Version 2.0" (PDF). American Pharmacists Association and National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation. March 2008.
  4. 1 2 "Community Pharmacists and Medication Therapy Management". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  5. ↑ "Leadership for Medication Therapy Management Version 2.0" (PDF). The American Pharmacists Association and The National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation. March 2008.
  6. ↑ "Medication Therapy Management Services". American Pharmacists Association. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  7. ↑ Greer, N; Bolduc, J; Geurkink, E; Koeller, E; Rector, T; Olson, K; MacDonald, R; Wilt, TJ (October 2015). "Pharmacist-Led Chronic Disease Management: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Harms Compared to Usual Care [Internet]". VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. PMID   27252999.
  8. ↑ "CMS proposes requiring expansion of Part D MTM benefits". www.pharmacist.com. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  9. ↑ Viswanathan, Meera; Kahwati, Leila C.; Golin, Carol E.; Blalock, Susan; Coker-Schwimmer, Emmanuel; Posey, Rachael; Lohr, Kathleen N. (2014). "Executive Summary". Medication Therapy Management Interventions in Outpatient Settings. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Fact Sheet Summary of 2019 MTM Programs" (PDF). Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
  11. ↑ "Part D: Getting to Know Medication Therapy Management (MTM)" (PDF). National Council on Aging.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ferries, Erin; Dye, Joseph T.; Hall, Benjamin; Ndehi, Lilian; Schwab, Phil; Vaccaro, Jamieson (June 2019). "Comparison of Medication Therapy Management Services and Their Effects on Health Care Utilization and Medication Adherence". Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy. 25 (6): 688–695. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.6.688 . PMC   10397886 . PMID   31134865.
  13. ↑ Rivera, Jasmine; Shcherbakova, Natalia; Vala, Christine; Capoccia, Kam (December 2019). "Community pharmacists' interventions and documentation during medication therapy management encounters delivered face-to-face versus via telephone: The devil is in the details". Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 16 (10): 1447–1451. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.12.020. PMID   31889640. S2CID   209519586.
  14. ↑ Pestka, Deborah L.; Zillich, Alan J.; Coe, Antoinette B.; Farris, Karen B.; Adeoye, Omolola A.; Snyder, Margie E.; Farley, Joel F. (May 2020). "Nationwide estimates of medication therapy management delivery under the Medicare prescription drug benefit". Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 60 (3): 456–461. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2019.12.002. PMC   10478169 . PMID   31926872. S2CID   210166800.
  15. ↑ "Medicines Use Reviews (MURs)". NHS Employers. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  16. ↑ "Pilot sees pharmacists play greater clinical role at GP practices in Norwich". Eastern Daily Press. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "Have medicines use reviews come to represent profit over patient care?". The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2013. doi:10.1211/PJ.2013.11124150. ISSN   2053-6186.
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