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Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds. The term also refers to the sound or sign system of any particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology only related to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages. Now it may relate to
The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital letter R. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩ if rhotic. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative.
The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɤ⟩, called "ram's horns." This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, ⟨ɣ⟩, which has a descender, but some texts use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.
A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster. For example, some English varieties contrast the vowel of late with that of wait or eight. Other English varieties contrast the vowel of late or wait with that of eight. This non-overlapping pair of phonemes from two different varieties can be reconciled by positing three different diaphonemes: A first diaphoneme for words like late, a second diaphoneme for words like wait, and a third diaphoneme for words like eight.
Michael Hammond is an American linguist and professor at the University of Arizona. He was head of the Department of Linguistics from 2001 to 2011. He is the author or editor of six books on a variety of topics from Syntactic Typology, The Phonology of English, to Computational linguistics. He is known for his research on meter and poetics. He has also published more than 40 articles and presented at over 60 conferences on these topics. He serves on the editorial board of several major journals.
Metrical phonology is a theory of stress or linguistic prominence. The innovative feature of this theory is that the prominence of a unit is defined relative to other units in the same phrase. For example, in the most common pronunciation of the phrase "doctors use penicillin", the syllable '-ci-' is the strongest or most stressed syllable in the phrase, but the syllable 'doc-' is more stressed than the syllable '-tors'. Previously, generative phonologists and the American Structuralists represented prosodic prominence as a feature that applied to individual phonemes (segments) or syllables. This feature could take on multiple values to indicate various levels of stress. Stress was assigned using the cyclic reapplication of rules to words and phrases.
Khetrānī, or Khetranki, is an Indo-Aryan language of north-eastern Balochistan. It is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans, a Baloch tribe that occupies a hilly tract in the Sulaiman Mountains comprising the whole of Barkhan District as well as small parts of neighbouring Kohlu District to the south-west, and Musakhel District to the north. The ethnic Khetran population found to the east in the Dera Ghazi Khan District of Punjab instead speak Saraiki. Alternative names for the language attested at the start of the 20th century are Barāzai and Jāfaraki.
The Lexical Integrity Hypothesis (LIH) or Lexical Integrity Principle is a hypothesis in linguistics which states that syntactic transformations do not apply to subparts of words. It functions as a constraint on transformational grammar.
Michael John Kenstowicz is an American linguist and professor of linguistics at MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy. He is best known for his works on phonetics and phonology. His book Phonology in generative grammar is a coursebook taught across the world in phonology courses. He is an editor of Natural Language & Linguistic Theory since 1987.
Richard M. Hogg was a Scottish linguist who was well known for his research on Old English, phonology, and English dialects. He received his Ph.D. from Edinburgh University in 1975 under the supervision of Angus McIntosh and John Anderson. He was initially a lecturer in English at the University of Amsterdam from 1969-1973, then taught at the University of Lancaster; from 1980 until his death in 2007 he was Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature at the University of Manchester. He served as dean of the arts faculty at Manchester from 1990 to 1993.
Fusheini Hudu Angulu is a Ghanaian linguist and specialist in Dagbani language phonology. He lectures at the University of Ghana department of Linguistics.
Geert Evert Booij is a Dutch linguist and emeritus professor of linguistics at the University of Leiden. He is credited as the creator of construction morphology.
Marina Nespor is a Professor of linguistics at the Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati in Trieste, Italy, and senior researcher in the ERC PASCAL Project, a project investigating language acquisition and the nature of the biological endowment that allows humans to learn language. Much of Dr. Nespor's research focuses on the interaction of phonology and syntax: what the prosodic structure of an utterance communicates about its grammatical structure.
Irene B. Vogel is an American linguist, specializing in phonology. She is a professor in the University of Delaware Linguistics and Cognitive Science Department, best known for her work on the phonology-syntax interface.
Phonology in Generative Grammar is a 1994 book by Michael Kenstowicz in which the author provides an introduction to phonology in the framework of generative grammar.
Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts is a 1984 book by Roger Lass designed for an introductory course in phonology.
English Phonology and Phonological Theory is a 1976 book by Roger Lass.
Philip Carr was a British linguist and Emeritus Professor in the English Department of the University Paul Valéry in Montpellier. He is best known for his works on phonetics and phonology. His book Phonology is a coursebook taught across the world in phonology courses.
References
- ↑ Booij, Geert (1 January 1989). "Richard Hogg and C.B. McCully. Metrical phonology. A coursebook". Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”. 13 (1): 221–226. doi:10.1075/sl.13.1.14boo.
- ↑ Vogel, Irene (March 1989). "Richard Hogg and C. B. McCully, Metrical phonology: a coursebookCambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. vi + 279". Journal of Linguistics. 25 (1): 221–225. doi:10.1017/S0022226700012172. ISSN 1469-7742.
- ↑ Jessen, Michael (1 September 1988). "Metrical phonology: A coursebook: Richard Hogg and C.B. McCully, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987". Lingua. 76 (1): 99–114. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(88)90020-4. ISSN 0024-3841.
