History
The Middle Guard, established in 1806-1809, comprised veteran soldiers with at least three campaigns' experience. [1] The Middle Guard served as a seasoned reserve force, bridging the gap between the elite Old Guard and the less experienced Young Guard. Its units were often deployed in critical battlefield situations, providing Napoleon with a reliable and formidable contingent. These units, composed of veteran soldiers, were essential for maintaining the flexibility and effectiveness of Napoleon's army in key campaigns, including the later stages of the Napoleonic Wars. [2]
The Middle Guard, although less prestigious than the Old Guard, enjoyed significant privileges such as better pay, rations, and living conditions. Their dual role as a battlefield reserve and a symbol of Napoleon’s power reflected their strategic and political importance during the Napoleonic Wars. [2]
Between 1806 and 1808, the Imperial Guard expanded significantly, forming two regiments each of grenadiers and chasseurs. The service requirements for soldiers in the second regiments were reduced to eight years, allowing for a broader pool of experienced recruits. [3]
Artillery also saw substantial growth during this period. In 1806, a regiment of horse artillery (comprising six companies) and a battalion of train troops were added. By 1808, the artillery arm had been further expanded, although the horse artillery was reduced to 32 guns. At the same time, three companies of foot artillery and three companies of conscript cannon were established, with the latter eventually evolving into the Young Guard artillery. [3]
The classification of the Old Guard , Middle Guard, and Young Guard often caused confusion, as it primarily depended on the length of service and the soldiers' experience levels within the Guard hierarchy. [3]
Regiment
The Middle Guard often acted as a stabilizing force during combat, and providing reinforcements at key moments.
The Fusiliers-Chasseurs were formed later, on 19 October 1806, from the 1st battalions of the Grenadiers and Chasseurs of the Guard. The regiment began with 1,200 men and was eventually reinforced by men from the Compagnies de Reserve, expanding it to four battalions, each with four companies of 120 men. In 1813, the regiment's strength increased as each battalion gained two additional companies. However, like the Fusiliers-Grenadiers, the Fusiliers-Chasseurs were also disbanded on 12 May 1814. [4] [3]
Fusiliers Grenadiers and Chasseurs.
The Fusiliers-Grenadiers were the second regiment of Fusiliers, established on 15 December 1806 by combining the 1st battalions of the Grenadier and Chasseur Vélites. Initially, the regiment was meant to have a strength of 1,800 men. After conscripts and soldiers from the Compagnies de Reserve joined, it grew to four battalions, each consisting of four companies with 120 men per company. The Fusiliers-Grenadiers were disbanded on 12 May 1814. [5] [3]
Legacy
Peninsular War
During the Peninsular War (1808-1814) the Middle Guard, positioned between the elite Old Guard and the Young Guard, saw action during key moments of the war, particularly in France's battles against British and Portuguese forces. However, as the war dragged on, the Middle Guard faced increasingly difficult circumstances. Despite their formidable reputation, they were often deployed in the later stages of battles, when the French army was already stretched thin and in retreat. At battles like Vimeiro (1808), Talavera (1809), and Busaco (1810), their role was overshadowed by the eventual dominance of British forces under Arthur Wellesley, who would later be known as the Duke of Wellington. [2]
By the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the Imperial Guard, including the Middle Guard, had suffered considerable losses. The continuous defeats and harsh campaigns against well-coordinated Allied forces led to the weakening of Napoleon's forces as a whole. The Middle Guard lost much of its former prominence, as it was no longer able to sustain its elite status due to casualties and diminished morale. [2]
Russia Campaign
In 1812, Napoleon's Imperial Guard reached its peak strength, with approximately 56,000 men, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery units. This period marked the height of the Guard's power and influence, as it was heavily relied upon during the French invasion of Russia. The Guard played a crucial role in major battles, such as the Battle of Borodino, where its disciplined soldiers provided critical support in breaking Russian resistance. [6]
The Imperial Guard's artillery was significantly expanded during this time. It included a diverse array of units, from horse artillery to companies of foot artillery and conscript cannons. These additions enhanced the Guard's overall firepower and mobility, making it a formidable force on the battlefield. [6]
However, the Middle Guard, along with the rest of Napoleon's forces, faced tremendous hardship during the Russian campaign. The retreat from Moscow, coupled with extreme weather, attrition, and constant Russian harassment, led to the near-destruction of many Guard units, including the Middle Guard. Despite its veterans' experience, the Guard's survival was hampered by overwhelming circumstances, marking a significant decline in its once-proud ranks. By the end of the campaign, the once-mighty Imperial Guard had been decimated, signaling a turning point in Napoleon's military fortunes. [6]
Hundred Days Campaign
In 1814, after Napoleon’s abdication, the remnants of the Middle Guard were among the forces that attempted to defend Paris against the advancing Coalition forces. However, the Guard was critically undermanned and exhausted, making it unable to withstand the overwhelming opposition. Napoleon’s forces were no match for the well-equipped and numerically superior Allied armies, leading to the eventual fall of Paris and Napoleon’s abdication.
Despite the eventual disbandment of the Middle Guard in 1814, the unit’s legacy lived on. It was remembered for its experience, discipline, and its pivotal role in key battles like Borodino and Leipzig. The Middle Guard’s reputation as a battle-hardened, veteran force earned it a place in French military history, even though it was effectively dissolved after Napoleon’s first exile.
At the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Middle Guard played a pivotal role. They were deployed in Napoleon's final assault against the Allied forces, commanded by Wellington. However, this attack failed, marking the end of Napoleon's ambitions. Despite their elite status, the Middle Guard, like the rest of the Guard, could not overcome the strong defensive positions and reinforcements of the Allies. [2] [7]
The Grande Armée was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled, it suffered catastophic losses during the disastrous Peninsular War followed by the invasion of Russia in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority and ended in total defeat for Napoleonic France by the Peace of Paris in 1815.
General Claude-Étienne Michel, an officer in Napoleon's army, eventually rose to second in command of the Chasseur Division of the Imperial Guard and commander of the Brigade of the Middle Guard. He may actually be the officer who uttered the words often attributed to Pierre Cambronne "La Garde meurt et ne se rend pas" "The Guard dies, and does not surrender".
The Imperial Guard was an elite guard formation of the French Imperial Army under the direct command of Napoleon. Expanding considerably over time, the formation acted as his bodyguard and tactical reserve, and he was careful of its use in battle. The Imperial Guard was divided into a general staff and infantry, cavalry and artillery regiments as well as battalions of sappers and marines. It distinguished between experienced veterans and less experienced members by being separated into three sections: the Old Guard, Middle Guard and Young Guard. The Young Guard was virtually annihilated in the Battle of Krasnoi during the French invasion of Russia.
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Napoleon 
Napoleon I 
