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XScale is a microarchitecture for central processing units initially designed by Intel implementing the ARM architecture instruction set. XScale comprises several distinct families: IXP, IXC, IOP, PXA and CE, with some later models designed as SoCs. Intel sold the PXA family to Marvell Technology Group in June 2006. Marvell then extended the brand to include processors with other microarchitectures, like ARM's Cortex.
An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of connected Internet Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators on behalf of a single administrative entity or domain, that presents a common and clearly defined routing policy to the Internet. Each AS is assigned an autonomous system number (ASN), for use in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing. Autonomous System Numbers are assigned to Local Internet Registries (LIRs) and end user organizations by their respective Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), which in turn receive blocks of ASNs for reassignment from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The IANA also maintains a registry of ASNs which are reserved for private use.
Internet exchange points are common grounds of IP networking, allowing participant Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks, i.e., datacenters, and operate physical infrastructure (switches) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks. The primary alternative to IXPs is private peering, where ISPs directly connect their networks to each other.
The Toronto Internet Exchange Community (TorIX) is a not-for-profit Internet Exchange Point (IXP) located in a carrier hotel at 151 Front Street West, Equinix's TR2 data centre at 45 Parliament Street and 905 King Street West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. As of March 2021, TorIX has 259 unique autonomous systems representing 285 peer connections and peak traffic rates of 1.344 Tbps, making it the largest IXP in Canada. According to Wikipedia's List of Internet Exchange Points by Size, TorIX is the 16th largest IXP in the world in numbers of peers, and 17th in the world in traffic averages. The Exchange is organized and run by industry professionals in voluntary capacity.
Average Per-Bit Delivery Cost, or APBDC, is the cost accounting method by which Internet Service Providers (ISPs) calculate their cost of goods sold.
The Internet in Africa is limited by a lower penetration rate when compared to the rest of the world. Measurable parameters such as the number of ISP subscriptions, overall number of hosts, IXP-traffic, and overall available bandwidth all indicate that Africa is far behind the "digital divide". Moreover, Africa itself exhibits an inner digital divide, with most Internet activity and infrastructure concentrated in South Africa, Morocco, Egypt as well as smaller economies like Mauritius and Seychelles.
The Northern Lights Local Exchange Point (NLLXP) is a free Internet Exchange Point (IXP) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States. The NLLXP public peering exchange is closely linked with the Northern Lights GigaPoP (NLG), an Internet2 project of the University of Minnesota Office of Information and Technology: the NLG is the regional Internet2 access point for research and educational institutions, and the NLLXP is the regional peering exchange between those institutions and commercial networks, and among commercial networks.
London Network Access Point (LONAP) is a London-based Internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 1997 as a membership organisation and currently has around 200+ members, making it the second largest IXP in the UK and around the 15th largest IXP in the world by membership. LONAP currently operates an Arista Networks infrastructure with multiple 10 and 100 Gbit/s links between eight sites, specifically:
Berlin Commercial Internet Exchange (BCIX) is a Berlin-based Internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 2002 as a membership organisation and currently has 79 members, making it one of the largest regional IXP in Germany by membership. BCIX currently operates an Arista Networks and Dell Force10-based infrastructure with DWDM links between nine sites:
- NTT, Nonnendammallee 15, 13599 Berlin
- I/P/B/, Luetzowstrasse 105/106, 10785 Berlin
- DNS:NET, Luetzowstrasse 105/106, 10785 Berlin
- I/P/B/, Kitzingstrasse 15, 12277 Berlin
- euNetworks, Alboinstr. 36, 12103 Berlin
- Speedbone, Alboinstrasse 36, 12103 Berlin
- CenturyLink, Gradestrasse 60, 12347 Berlin
- Colt Datacenter, Wiebestrasse 46-49, 10553 Berlin
- 3U Telecom, Lorenzweg 5, 12099 Berlin
JINX, located at Johannesburg, South Africa, is an internet exchange point in South Africa. It is run by INX-ZA, which is an autonomous arm of the Internet Service Providers Association.
Digital Telecom Internet Exchange ("DTEL-IX") is an Internet exchange point (IXP) situated in Kiev, Ukraine. It was founded in 2009 to help establish peering for Ukrainian and international operators. This IXP currently has 239 members, with a maximum throughput of 2.2 Tbps.
Manchester Network Access Point was a Manchester-based internet exchange point (IXP). The access point provides an exchange point for internet service providers and businesses in northern England and the Midlands and was the first Internet Exchange point in the UK outside London.
Stockholm Internet eXchange (STHIX) manages multiple carrier- and data center-neutral internet exchange point (IXP) situated in Copenhagen / Malmö, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Sundsvall, and Umeå. The Stockholm IXP is the second largest IXP in the region in terms of both bandwidth (average/peak) and number of members. Peak bandwidth is above 230 gigabits per second.
The Singapore Open Exchange (SOX) is an Internet Exchange Point (IXP) situated in Singapore. It was established on 3 September 2001. SOX is a non-profit, neutral, and independent peering network.
Grenoble Internet eXchange or GrenoblIX is the Internet eXchange point (IXP) of Grenoble in Isère and Auvergne – Rhône-Alpes region. GrenoblIX allows to the connected members to exchange the traffic in order to avoid passing by faraway infrastructures. This Internet eXchange point is managed by the non-profit organization Rezopole, founded in 2001.
Mumbai Internet Exchange is a Mumbai-based Internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 15 August 2014 as Mumbai Convergence Hub is an Open Carrier Neutral Internet Exchange & Peering Hub. As of 30 March 2021 it interconnects more than 375 members, making it the largest IXP in India and surrounding region.
The Internet Exchange Point Of Nigeria (IXPN) is a neutral and not-for-profit Internet exchange point (IXP) founded in 2006 by the Nigerian Communications Commission(NCC) in partnership with the Internet Service Providers Association Of Nigeria (ISPAN). Among other things, IXPN was created to reduce connectivity costs in millions of dollars in offshore internet bandwidth payments, reduce latency from 900 milliseconds to 30 milliseconds for local content, serve as the central point for connecting Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) towards the development of National Research and Educational Network (NREN). As at April 2020, IXPN is the 5th largest IXP in Africa by number of peers, and 3rd in Africa by traffic according to Packet Clearing House’s IXP directory
References
- 1 2 "MIX members list" . Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ↑ Staff, MiX. "MIX Statistics" . Retrieved 2022-02-16.