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As a geographically fragmented state, Afghanistan is separated into as many as 14 ethnic groups that have historically faced divisions that devolved into political violence. This conflict reached its culminating point in the 1990s with the rise of the Taliban.
The 1973 Afghan coup d'état, also called by Afghans as the Coup of 26 Saratan and self-proclaimed as the Revolution of 26 Saratan 1352, was led by Army General and prince Mohammad Daoud Khan against his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, on 17 July 1973, which resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system led by Daoud Khan.
Several coup d'etats or similar events have occurred in Afghanistan since its modern foundation in 1919.
The 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising was an Islamist uprising led by Jamiat-e Islami against the government of Daoud Khan, and was the first ever ISI operation that took place in Afghanistan. It was in "retaliation to Republic of Afghanistan’s proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan".
The 1976 Afghan coup d'état attempt was a coup attempted in the Republic of Afghanistan against the government of President Mohammed Daoud Khan by the Qiyam-i Islami, an Islamist group formed largely of Afghan Army personnel. The coup was preempted; General Mir Ahmad Shah Rizwani and 50 of his associates were arrested on 9 December 1976, and Rizwani executed in 1978 following the communist takeover.
References
- ↑ Bahaudin Ghulam Mujtaba (December 2006). Afghanistan: Realities of War and Rebuilding. Ilead Academy. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-9774211-1-4.
- ↑ Barry M. Rubin (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-0-7656-4138-0.
- ↑ Hafizullah Emadi (14 September 2010). Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan: The British, Russian, and American Invasions. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-230-11200-1.