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The Ku Klux Klan,commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan,is the name of an American white supremacist,far-right hate group. Various historians have characterized the Klan as America's first terrorist group. There have been three distinct iterations with various targets relative to time and place,including African Americans,Jews,and Catholics.
Amos Tappan Akerman was an American politician who served as United States Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant from 1870 to 1871. A native of New Hampshire,Akerman graduated from Dartmouth College in 1842 and moved South,where he spent most of his career. He first worked as headmaster of a school in North Carolina and as a tutor in Georgia. Having become interested in law,Akerman studied and passed the bar in Georgia in 1850;where he and an associate set up a law practice. He also owned a farm and enslaved eleven people. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861,Akerman joined the Confederate Army,where he achieved the rank of colonel.
The grand wizard is the national leader of several different Ku Klux Klan organizations in the United States and abroad.
Thomas William Hardwick was an American politician from the U.S. state of Georgia who served as governor of Georgia,a United States Senator from Georgia,a member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia,and a member of the Georgia House of Representatives.
At the end of the American Civil War,the devastation and disruption in the state of Georgia were dramatic. Wartime damage,the inability to maintain a labor force without slavery,and miserable weather had a disastrous effect on agricultural production. The state's chief cash crop,cotton,fell from a high of more than 700,000 bales in 1860 to less than 50,000 in 1865,while harvests of corn and wheat were also meager. The state government subsidized construction of numerous new railroad lines. White farmers turned to cotton as a cash crop,often using commercial fertilizers to make up for the poor soils they owned. The coastal rice plantations never recovered from the war.
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Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the 1920s Kloran,setting out KKK terms and traditions. Like many KKK terms,this is a portmanteau term,formed from Klan and Koran.
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Alfred Richardson (1837?–1872) was a member of the Georgia Assembly in the U.S. State of Georgia,representing Clarke County. An African American,he entered government service after the U.S. Civil War during the Reconstruction era. Richardson faced hostility,intimidation,and physical attacks representing Clarke County. Richardson survived two shooting attacks by the Ku Klux Klan. In 1872 Richardson testified to a congressional committee that it was not safe for him to go home so he was staying in Athens,Georgia,and that many other "Colored" people had been forced to flee their farms in fear. He also spoke about being attacked and shot at at his house by men in disguise and said that he had been threatened,told of many instances of whippings,and that fellow "Colored" people were told that they should vote for Democrats or not vote at all.
Joseph Adkins was a minister and state senator in Georgia during the Reconstruction Era after the American Civil War. He was a Republican who represented Warren County,Georgia. He supported civil rights for African Americans and reported racially motivated violence by the Ku Klux Klan. He was murdered in May 1869,after having led a delegation to Washington,D.C. to obtain military protection against widespread acts of violence by the Klan.
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On October 17,1871,U.S. President Ulysses Grant declared nine South Carolina counties to be in active rebellion,and suspended habeas corpus. The order allowed federal troops,under the command of Major Lewis Merrill,to execute mass-arrests and begin the process of crushing the South Carolina Ku Klux Klan in federal court. Merrill reported 169 arrests in York County before January 1872. Numerous Klansmen fled the state,and more were quieted by fear of prosecution. Nearly 500 men surrendered to Merrill voluntarily,gave confessions or evidence,and were released. At the Fourth Federal Circuit Court session in Columbia,South Carolina beginning November 1871,United States District Attorney David T. Corbin and South Carolina Attorney General Daniel H. Chamberlain convicted 5 Klansmen in trial court,and secured convictions based on confession from 49 others. In the next Fourth Federal Circuit Court session in Charleston,South Carolina in April 1872,Corbin convicted 86 more Klansmen. Klan activities vanished while prosecutions were ongoing and publicized,but,by the end of 1872,federal will dissolved in the face of waning Republican support for Reconstruction. At the end of 1872 some 1,188 Enforcement Act cases remained to be tried. White Northern interests began to seek a more conciliatory relationship with Southern states,and lamented Southern papers' exaggerated tales of "bayonet rule". During the summer of 1873,President Grant announced a policy of clemency for those Klansmen who had not yet been tried,and pardon for those who had. The remaining cases were not tried,and prosecutions under the Enforcement Acts were all but abandoned after 1874.
Henry St. Clair was an American politician. He represented Macon County,Alabama in 1872. He lived in Tuskegee. He testified about the political climate,canvassing,and acts of intimidation against African Americans who overwhelmingly supported the Republican Party.
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On the evening of October 20,1870,Wade Perrin,a Republican Party member of the South Carolina House of Representatives,was assassinated by a group of white men affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. The murder took place in present-day Joanna,South Carolina,in rural southeastern Laurens County. Perrin had been re-elected to a second term in the legislature the day before,but riots in and around Laurens County on the day of the election spurred violence towards at least a dozen Republican members-elect,most of them African Americans. After being caught by the men and being made to dance,sing,and pray,they ordered Perrin to run away,at which point he was shot dead. He was found lying in the street with his pockets turned inside out. Perrin was honored with a funeral service held in the House chambers on January 31,1871,with the House and State Senate both present. A total of six men were ultimately charged for Perrin's murder,as well as the murders of several other black legislators under similar circumstances.
Allen Pardee Huggins (1839–1916) was a Union Army soldier,Freedmen’s Bureau official,sheriff,county school superintendent,tax official,and state legislator in Mississippi.
Granville Bennett was an American farmer and state legislator in Alabama. He represented Sumter County,Alabama in the Alabama House of Representatives during the 1872 and 1874 terms. He and other black members of the state legislature who served during and in the years that followed the Reconstruction era are included on a historical marker. A Republican,he signed onto a "Memorial" addressed to U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
References
- ↑ Du Pre Lumpkin, K. (1992). The Making of a Southerner. University of Georgia Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780820313856 . Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ United States Congressional serial set. 1872. p. 250. ISBN 9780331033984 . Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ Link, W.A. (2013). Atlanta, Cradle of the New South: Race and Remembering in the Civil War's Aftermath. University of North Carolina Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781469607764 . Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ↑ States, United States Congress Joint Select Committee on the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary (1872). Report of the Joint Select Committee Appointed to Inquire in to the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States: So Far as Regards the Execution of the Laws, and the Safety of the Lives and Property of the Citizens of the United States and Testimony Taken. U.S. Government Printing Office.
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