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Templates are a feature of the C++ programming language that allows functions and classes to operate with generic types. This allows a function or class declaration to reference via a generic variable another different class without creating full declaration for each of these different classes.
In computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type to every term. Usually the terms are various language constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term.
In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following:
In programming language theory and type theory, polymorphism is the use of a single symbol to represent multiple different types.
In computer science, a union is a value that may have any of multiple representations or formats within the same area of memory; that consists of a variable that may hold such a data structure. Some programming languages support a union type for such a data type. In other words, a union type specifies the permitted types that may be stored in its instances, e.g., float and integer. In contrast with a record, which could be defined to contain both a float and an integer; a union would hold only one at a time.
In computer science, type conversion, type casting, type coercion, and type juggling are different ways of changing an expression from one data type to another. An example would be the conversion of an integer value into a floating point value or its textual representation as a string, and vice versa. Type conversions can take advantage of certain features of type hierarchies or data representations. Two important aspects of a type conversion are whether it happens implicitly (automatically) or explicitly, and whether the underlying data representation is converted from one representation into another, or a given representation is merely reinterpreted as the representation of another data type. In general, both primitive and compound data types can be converted.
In functional programming, a monad is a structure that combines program fragments (functions) and wraps their return values in a type with additional computation. In addition to defining a wrapping monadic type, monads define two operators: one to wrap a value in the monad type, and another to compose together functions that output values of the monad type. General-purpose languages use monads to reduce boilerplate code needed for common operations. Functional languages use monads to turn complicated sequences of functions into succinct pipelines that abstract away control flow, and side-effects.
In computer programming, foreach loop is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in this set", rather than "do this x times". This avoids potential off-by-one errors and makes code simpler to read. In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal.
In mathematics and in computer programming, a variadic function is a function of indefinite arity, i.e., one which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages.
In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism allows a single piece of code to be given a "generic" type, using variables in place of actual types, and then instantiated with particular types as needed. Parametrically polymorphic functions and data types are sometimes called generic functions and generic datatypes, respectively, and they form the basis of generic programming.
In computer programming, an anonymous function is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function. If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in functional programming languages and other languages with first-class functions, where they fulfil the same role for the function type as literals do for other data types.
In computer programming, variable shadowing occurs when a variable declared within a certain scope has the same name as a variable declared in an outer scope. At the level of identifiers, this is known as name masking. This outer variable is said to be shadowed by the inner variable, while the inner identifier is said to mask the outer identifier. This can lead to confusion, as it may be unclear which variable subsequent uses of the shadowed variable name refer to, which depends on the name resolution rules of the language.
In programming languages and type theory, an option type or maybe type is a polymorphic type that represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied. It consists of a constructor which either is empty, or which encapsulates the original data type A.
In type theory, bounded quantification refers to universal or existential quantifiers which are restricted ("bounded") to range only over the subtypes of a particular type. Bounded quantification is an interaction of parametric polymorphism with subtyping. Bounded quantification has traditionally been studied in the functional setting of System F<:, but is available in modern object-oriented languages supporting parametric polymorphism (generics) such as Java, C# and Scala.
Rust is a general-purpose programming language emphasizing performance, type safety, and concurrency. It enforces memory safety, meaning that all references point to valid memory. It does so without a traditional garbage collector; instead, both memory safety errors and data races are prevented by the "borrow checker", which tracks the object lifetime of references at compile time.
In computer programming, string interpolation is the process of evaluating a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values. It is a form of simple template processing or, in formal terms, a form of quasi-quotation. The placeholder may be a variable name, or in some languages an arbitrary expression, in either case evaluated in the current context.
A Hindley–Milner (HM) type system is a classical type system for the lambda calculus with parametric polymorphism. It is also known as Damas–Milner or Damas–Hindley–Milner. It was first described by J. Roger Hindley and later rediscovered by Robin Milner. Luis Damas contributed a close formal analysis and proof of the method in his PhD thesis.
In computing, static dispatch is a form of polymorphism fully resolved during compile time. It is a form of method dispatch, which describes how a language or environment will select which implementation of a method or function to use.
Flix is a functional, imperative, and logic programming language developed at Aarhus University, with funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark, and by a community of open source contributors. The Flix language supports algebraic data types, pattern matching, parametric polymorphism, currying, higher-order functions, extensible records, channel and process-based concurrency, and tail call elimination. Two notable features of Flix are its type and effect system and its support for first-class Datalog constraints.
V, also known as vlang, is a statically typed, compiled programming language created by Alexander Medvednikov in early 2019. It was inspired by the language Go, and other influences including Oberon, Swift, and Rust. It is free and open-source software released under the MIT License, and currently in beta.
References
- ↑ "Generic Data Types - The Rust Programming Language" . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ↑ Hume, Tristan. "Models of Generics and Metaprogramming: Go, Rust, Swift, D and More" . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ↑ Tanaka, Akira; Affeldt, Reynald; Garrigue, Jacques (2018). "Safe Low-level Code Generation in Coq Using Monomorphization and Monadification". Journal of Information Processing. 26: 54–72. doi: 10.2197/ipsjjip.26.54 .
- ↑ "Extending Smt-Lib v2 with λ-Terms and Polymorphism". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.663.6849 .
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Cai, Yufei; Giarrusso, Paolo G.; Ostermann, Klaus (2016-01-11). "System f-omega with equirecursive types for datatype-generic programming". Proceedings of the 43rd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. POPL '16. St. Petersburg, FL, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 30–43. doi:10.1145/2837614.2837660. ISBN 978-1-4503-3549-2. S2CID 17566568.
- ↑ Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2019-08-06). The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018). No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-7185-0044-0.
- ↑ Felty, Amy P.; Middeldorp, Aart (2015-07-30). Automated Deduction - CADE-25: 25th International Conference on Automated Deduction, Berlin, Germany, August 1-7, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-21401-6.