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Templates are a feature of the C++ programming language that allows functions and classes to operate with generic types. This allows a function or class to work on many different data types without being rewritten for each one.
In computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type to every "term". Usually the terms are various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term. Type systems formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other components.
In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following:
In programming language theory and type theory, polymorphism is the provision of a single interface to entities of different types or the use of a single symbol to represent multiple different types. The concept is borrowed from a principle in biology where an organism or species can have many different forms or stages.
In computer science, a type signature or type annotation defines the inputs and outputs for a function, subroutine or method. A type signature includes the number, types, and order of the arguments contained by a function. A type signature is typically used during overload resolution for choosing the correct definition of a function to be called among many overloaded forms.
In functional programming, a monad is a structure that combines program fragments (functions) and wraps their return values in a type with additional computation. In addition to defining a wrapping monadic type, monads define two operators: one to wrap a value in the monad type, and another to compose together functions that output values of the monad type. General-purpose languages use monads to reduce boilerplate code needed for common operations. Functional languages use monads to turn complicated sequences of functions into succinct pipelines that abstract away control flow, and side-effects.
In computer programming, foreach loop is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in this set", rather than "do this x times". This avoids potential off-by-one errors and makes code simpler to read. In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal.
In computer programming, an entry point is the place in a program where the execution of a program begins, and where the program has access to command line arguments.
In mathematics and in computer programming, a variadic function is a function of indefinite arity, i.e., one which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages.
In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism allows a single piece of code to be given a "generic" type, using variables in place of actual types, and then instantiated with particular types as needed. Parametrically polymorphic functions and data types are sometimes called generic functions and generic datatypes, respectively, and they form the basis of generic programming.
In computer programming, an anonymous function is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function. If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in functional programming languages and other languages with first-class functions, where they fulfil the same role for the function type as literals do for other data types.
In computer programming, variable shadowing occurs when a variable declared within a certain scope has the same name as a variable declared in an outer scope. At the level of identifiers, this is known as name masking. This outer variable is said to be shadowed by the inner variable, while the inner identifier is said to mask the outer identifier. This can lead to confusion, as it may be unclear which variable subsequent uses of the shadowed variable name refer to, which depends on the name resolution rules of the language.
In programming languages and type theory, an option type or maybe type is a polymorphic type that represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied. It consists of a constructor which either is empty, or which encapsulates the original data type A.
In type theory, bounded quantification refers to universal or existential quantifiers which are restricted ("bounded") to range only over the subtypes of a particular type. Bounded quantification is an interaction of parametric polymorphism with subtyping. Bounded quantification has traditionally been studied in the functional setting of System F<:, but is available in modern object-oriented languages supporting parametric polymorphism (generics) such as Java, C# and Scala.
Different command-line argument parsing methods are used by different programming languages to parse command-line arguments.
Rust is a multi-paradigm, high-level, general-purpose programming language that emphasizes performance, type safety and concurrency. It enforces memory safety—that is, that all references point to valid memory—without requiring the use of a garbage collector or reference counting present in other memory-safe languages. To simultaneously enforce memory safety and prevent concurrent data races, its "borrow checker" tracks the object lifetime of all references in a program during compilation. Rust is popular for systems programming but also has high-level features including some functional programming constructs.
A Hindley–Milner (HM) type system is a classical type system for the lambda calculus with parametric polymorphism. It is also known as Damas–Milner or Damas–Hindley–Milner. It was first described by J. Roger Hindley and later rediscovered by Robin Milner. Luis Damas contributed a close formal analysis and proof of the method in his PhD thesis.
In computing, static dispatch is a form of polymorphism fully resolved during compile time. It is a form of method dispatch, which describes how a language or environment will select which implementation of a method or function to use.
Nim is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, statically typed, compiled high-level systems programming language, designed and developed by a team around Andreas Rumpf. Nim is designed to be "efficient, expressive, and elegant", supporting metaprogramming, functional, message passing, procedural, and object-oriented programming styles by providing several features such as compile time code generation, algebraic data types, a foreign function interface (FFI) with C, C++, Objective-C, and JavaScript, and supporting compiling to those same languages as intermediate representations.
Flix is a functional, imperative, and logic programming language developed at Aarhus University, with funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark, and by a community of open source contributors. The Flix language supports algebraic data types, pattern matching, parametric polymorphism, currying, higher-order functions, extensible records, channel and process-based concurrency, and tail call elimination. Two notable features of Flix are its type and effect system and its support for first-class Datalog constraints.
References
- ↑ "Generic Data Types - The Rust Programming Language" . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ↑ Hume, Tristan. "Models of Generics and Metaprogramming: Go, Rust, Swift, D and More" . Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ↑ Tanaka, Akira; Affeldt, Reynald; Garrigue, Jacques (2018). "Safe Low-level Code Generation in Coq Using Monomorphization and Monadification". Journal of Information Processing. 26: 54–72. doi: 10.2197/ipsjjip.26.54 .
- ↑ "Extending Smt-Lib v2 with λ-Terms and Polymorphism". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.663.6849 .
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Cai, Yufei; Giarrusso, Paolo G.; Ostermann, Klaus (2016-01-11). "System f-omega with equirecursive types for datatype-generic programming". Proceedings of the 43rd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. POPL '16. St. Petersburg, FL, USA: Association for Computing Machinery: 30–43. doi:10.1145/2837614.2837660. ISBN 978-1-4503-3549-2. S2CID 17566568.
- ↑ Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (2019-08-06). The Rust Programming Language (Covers Rust 2018). No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-7185-0044-0.
- ↑ Felty, Amy P.; Middeldorp, Aart (2015-07-30). Automated Deduction - CADE-25: 25th International Conference on Automated Deduction, Berlin, Germany, August 1-7, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-21401-6.