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Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as energy storage. It is the most common carbohydrate in human diets and is contained in large amounts in staple foods like potatoes, maize (corn), rice, wheat and cassava.
Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes. It has two main components:
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide with many industrial uses, including as a common food additive. It is an effective thickening agent and stabilizer to prevent ingredients from separating. It can be produced from simple sugars using a fermentation process, and derives its name from the species of bacteria used, Xanthomonas campestris.
Phosphated distarch phosphate, is a modified resistant starch. It is derived from high amylose maize starch and contains a minimum of 70% dietary fibre. It is currently used as a food additive (E1413) as a freeze-thaw-stable thickener within the European Union in products such as soups, sauces, frozen gravies and pie fillings.
Methyl cellulose is a chemical compound derived from cellulose. It is sold under a variety of trade names and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in various food and cosmetic products, and also as a bulk-forming laxative. Like cellulose, it is not digestible, not toxic, and not an allergen.
Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant; or as binder in coated paper. They are also used in many other applications.
Sodium ferrocyanide is the sodium salt of the coordination compound of formula [Fe(CN)6]4−. In its hydrous form, Na4Fe(CN)6 • 10H2O (sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate), it is sometimes known as yellow prussiate of soda. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. The yellow color is the color of ferrocyanide anion. Despite the presence of the cyanide ligands, sodium ferrocyanide has low toxicity (acceptable daily intake 0–0.025 mg/kg body weight). The ferrocyanides are less toxic than many salts of cyanide, because they tend not to release free cyanide. However, like all ferrocyanide salt solutions, addition of an acid can result in the production of hydrogen cyanide gas, which is toxic.
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HDP) is a modified resistant starch. It is currently used as a food additive. It is approved for use in the European Union, the United States, Australia, Taiwan, and New Zealand.
There is insufficient evidence to support dietary changes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and thus they are not recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics as of 2019. For some children, diet is suspected of playing a role in the multiple behavioral and cognitive symptoms of ADHD.
Polyglycitol syrup has uses as a food additive, and is also known as E964.
Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols is a food additive. It is a chemically-defined mixture derived from soybeans that consists of the plant sterols stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and brassicasterol, with stigmasterol representing >85% of the mixture. Its E number is E499 and it is used as a stabiliser in ready-to-freeze alcoholic cocktails.
Calcium ferrocyanide is a salt substitute, and was listed in 2012 by the EU as a "Food Improvement Agent". It is found at STP in the form of yellow crystals or crystalline powder.
Polyethylene wax can be used as a disperant, slip agent, resin additive, and mold release agent. As an oxidised product, OPEW is authorized in the EU as E number reference E914 only for the surface treatment of some fruits.
Distarch phosphate, E1412 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.
Acetylated distarch phosphate, E1414 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.
Acetylated starch, E1420 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.
Hydroxypropyl starch is a type of modified starch used as a food additive. I has the E number E1440. Hydroxyl propyl starch is not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.
Starch sodium octenyl succinate, E1450 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed intact by the gut, but are significantly hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes and then fermented by intestinal microbiota.
Glyceryl diacetate is a food additive with the E number E1517. This diglyceride is more generally known as diacetin. It is the diester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride. It is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid with a high boiling point. Glycerol diaceate is typically a mixture of two isomers, 1,2-glyceryl diacetate and 1,3-glyceryl diacetate.
References
- ↑ Mortensen, Alicja; Aguilar, Fernando; Crebelli, Riccardo; Di Domenico, Alessandro; Dusemund, Birgit; Frutos, Maria Jose; Galtier, Pierre; Gott, David; Gundert‐Remy, Ursula; Lambré, Claude; Leblanc, Jean‐Charles; Lindtner, Oliver; Moldeus, Peter; Mosesso, Pasquale; Parent‐Massin, Dominique; Oskarsson, Agneta; Stankovic, Ivan; Waalkens‐Berendsen, Ine; Wright, Matthew; Younes, Maged; Tobback, Paul; Horvath, Zsuzsanna; Tasiopoulou, Stavroula; Woutersen, Rudolf Antonius; Woutersen, R. A. (2017). "Re-evaluation of oxidised starch (E 1404), monostarch phosphate (E 1410), distarch phosphate (E 1412), phosphated distarch phosphate (E 1413), acetylated distarch phosphate (E 1414), acetylated starch (E 1420), acetylated distarch adipate (E 1422), hydroxypropyl starch (E 1440), hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (E 1442), starch sodium octenyl succinate (E 1450), acetylated oxidised starch (E 1451) and starch aluminium octenyl succinate (E 1452) as food additives". EFSA Journal. 15 (10): 4911. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4911 . PMC 7009865 . PMID 32625282.