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53°33′33″N10°01′11″E / 53.559082°N 10.019790°E | |
Location | St George's Hospital, St Georg, Hamburg, Germany |
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Completion date | 4 April 1936 |
Dedicated to | Early radiology workers who died as a result |
The Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations (also known as the X-ray Martyrs' Memorial) is a memorial in Hamburg, Germany, commemorating those who died due to their work with the use of radiation, particularly X-rays, in medicine. [1] [2] [3] [4] It was unveiled on the grounds of St Georg (St George's) Hospital (now the Asklepios Klinik St Georg), on 4 April 1936 by the Deutsche Röntgengesellschaft (the Röntgen Society of Germany). [5] [6]
When unveiled, the memorial included 169 names, [3] [5] from fifteen nations, listed alphabetically; [3] [7] by 1959 there were 359, [3] with the additions listed on four separate stone plaques, beside the original columnar stone memorial. [6]
The memorial's inscription may be translated as: [7] [1]
To the Roentgenologists and radiologists of all nations,
To the doctors, physicists, chemists, technicians, laboratory assistants and nurses
who sacrificed their lives in the fight against disease.
They were valiant pioneers in the effective
and safe use of X-rays and radium in medicine.
Immortal is the glory of the work of the dead.
An accompanying book, Ehrenbuch der Radiologen aller Nationen (Book of Honour of radiologists of all nations) gives biographies of those commemorated. Three editions have been produced, the most recent in 1992. [8]
The names of those commemorated include:
Heinrich Ernst Albers-Schönberg was a German gynecologist and radiologist. He was a native of Hamburg.
Georg N. Koskinas was a Greek neurologist-psychiatrist. He was born on 1 December 1885 in Geraki, near Sparta. He studied medicine at the University of Athens, graduating in 1910, and trained as a resident in the Clinic of Psychiatry and Neurology of Aiginiteion Hospital under Michel Catsaras, a student of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893).
Guido Holzknecht was an Austrian radiologist who was a native of Vienna.
Étienne Destot was a French radiologist and anatomist who was a native of Dijon. He studied medicine in Lyon, and later worked in the hospitals of Hôtel Dieu, Croix-Rousse and Charité in Lyon. In addition to his work in medicine, he was an accomplished sculptor.
William Duane was an American physicist who conducted research on radioactivity and X-rays and their usage in the treatment of cancer. He developed the Duane-Hunt Law and Duane's hypothesis. He worked with Pierre and Marie Curie in their University of Paris laboratory for six years and developed a method for generating quantities of radon-222 "seeds" from radium for usage in early forms of brachytherapy.
The International Congress of Radiology (ICR) is a meeting of radiologists for the exchange of ideas and the harmonisation of international standards and practice, first held in 1925 in London and held at regular intervals since then. Since 1994 it has become a biennial event. Until 1953 each congress was organised by radiological society of the host country, but in that year, a formal organisation, the International Society for Radiology was set up to provide continuity between the congresses.
Cecil Rupert Chaworth Lyster CBE was a British physician, electrotherapist and radiologist.
Sir Brian Wellingham Windeyer was Professor of Therapeutic Radiology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, University of London, from 1942 to 1969, Dean of school from 1954 to 1967 and Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 1969 to 1972.
Herbert M. Parker was an English, and American immigrant, medical physicist. He was a pioneer of medical radiation therapy and radiation safety, known for introducing the roentgen equivalent physical (rep), the forerunner of the gray and the rad, and also the roentgen equivalent biological (reb), the forerunner of the rem and the sievert.
James Ralston Kennedy "RP" Paterson, CBE, MC, MD, FRCSEd, FRCR, DMRE (Cantab) was a radiologist and oncologist in Scotland. Along with Herbert Parker, pioneered the development of the Paterson-Parker rules for the Radium Dosage System also known as the Manchester system.
Dawson Fyers Duckworth Turner, FRSE, FRCPE (1857–1928) was a British pioneer of radiology and patron of the arts, who died of radiation related cancer.
Mihran Krikor Kassabian was an Armenian-American physician, one of the early investigators into the medical uses of X-rays, and a faculty member at the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. He became director of the Roentgen Ray Laboratory at Philadelphia General Hospital and vice president of both the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) and the American Electro-Therapeutic Association.
John Webster Lowson Spence MD LRCP LRCS was a Scottish x-ray pioneer and an early victim of radiation poisoning. His name is one of 14 British professionals listed on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations, which was erected in 1936. In the words of his gravestone: he died that others might live.
William Ironside Bruce was a doctor in Europe who conducted early research on the use of X-rays. He headed the X-ray departments at Charing Cross Hospital and at the Hospital for Sick Children. He wrote an early book on X-ray techniques and he was president of the radiology section of the Royal Society of Medicine.
George Alexander Pirie was a Scottish medical doctor and pioneering researcher in the use of X-rays in clinical medicine.
James Cecil Mottram was a British physician and naturalist. He conducted studies on cancer, conducted experiments on mutation induction using X-rays and contributed to ideas on camouflage.
Charles Lester Leonard (1861–1913) was an American physician and X-ray pioneer. Leonard was the first radiologist at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, founded the Philadelphia Roentgen Ray Society, and served as president of the American Roentgen Ray Society in 1904–1905. He was known as one of the foremost experts in urological X-ray diagnosis, and he was the first American physician to demonstrate kidney stone disease with X-rays.
Eugene W. Caldwell (1870–1918) was an American engineer, radiographer, and physician who conducted early work on the medical uses of X-rays. A native of Missouri, Caldwell studied engineering at the University of Kansas. After working as an engineer for five years, Caldwell became interested in X-rays in 1897, opening what may have been the first X-ray clinic in New York City. He taught radiography at University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College and later graduated with a medical degree from that institution.
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