Muhammad Mukhtar al-Khatib | |
---|---|
محمد مختار الخطيب | |
General Secretary of the Sudanese Communist Party | |
Assumed office c. March 2012 | |
Preceded by | Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud |
Personal details | |
Born | 1942 (age 81–82) |
Political party | Sudanese Communist Party |
Muhammad Mukhtar al-Khatib (born 1942) is a Sudanese politician,currently serving as the General Secretary of the Sudanese Communist Party. [1] [2] He succeeded longtime party leader Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud following the latter's death on 22 March 2012. [3]
In May 2022,he was arrested,detained,and then released at a Khartoum airport by Sudanese security forces,during widespread protest against the military government. [4] Security forces also raided his home. [5]
Under his leadership,the SCP called for an immediate ceasefire between rival factions of the military government which began clashing on 15 April 2023. The Rapid Support Forces later raided and occupied the SCP's headquarters in Khartoum on 25 May 2023. [6]
The Justice and Equality Movement is an opposition group in Sudan founded by Khalil Ibrahim. Gibril Ibrahim has led the group since January 2012 after the death of Khalil,his brother,in December 2011. The JEM supported the removal of President of Sudan,Omar al-Bashir and nation-wide government reform.
Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein is a Sudanese politician and the former Governor of Khartoum State. Hussein served as the longstanding Minister of National Defense of The Republic of Sudan. Hussein also served for a period as the Minister of Interior Affairs. During his term as Minister of Interior Affairs,he opened the Rabat University. Hussein was arrested in early April 2019 following a coup on 11 April which overthrew al-Bashir.
The Republic of the Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom. On December 19,1955,the Sudanese parliament,under Ismail al-Azhari's leadership,unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1,1956. During the early years of the Republic,despite political divisions,a parliamentary system was established with a five member Supreme Commission as head of state. In 1958,after a military coup,General Ibrahim Abboud was installed as president. The Republic was disestablished when a coup led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry founded the Democratic Republic of Sudan in 1969.
On 25 May 1969,several young officers calling themselves the Free Officers Movement seized power in Sudan in a coup d'état and started the Nimeiry era,also called the May Regime,in the history of Sudan. At the conspiracy's core were nine officers led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry,who had been implicated in plots against the Abboud regime. Nimeiry's coup preempted plots by other groups,most of which involved army factions supported by the Sudanese Communist Party (SCP),Arab nationalists,or conservative religious groups. He justified the coup on the grounds that civilian politicians had paralyzed the decision-making process,had failed to deal with the country's economic and regional problems,and had left Sudan without a permanent constitution.
The Sudanese Communist Party is a communist party in Sudan. Founded in 1946,it was a major force in Sudanese politics in the early post-independence years,and was one of the two most influential communist parties in the Arab world,the other being the Iraqi Communist Party.
Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim,was a Sudanese writer,women's rights activist and socialist leader.
Abdel Khaliq Mahjub was a Sudanese communist politician.
In May 2008,the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM),a Darfur ethnic minority rebel group,undertook a raid against the Sudanese government in the cities of Omdurman and Khartoum.
The 1971 Sudanese coup d'état was a short-lived communist-backed coup,led by Major Hashem al Atta,one of the founding members of the free officers organization that carried out a coup two years prior,against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry. The coup took place on 19 July 1971,toppling the government of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan,but failed to garner support either domestically or internationally. After several days Nimeiry loyalists launched a counter-coup,freeing Nimeiry and toppling Atta's government.
The 2011–2013 protests in Sudan began in January 2011 as part of the Arab Spring regional protest movement. Unlike in other Arab countries,popular uprisings in Sudan had succeeded in toppling the government prior to the Arab Spring in 1964 and 1985. Demonstrations in Sudan however were less common throughout the summer of 2011,during which South Sudan seceded from Sudan,but resumed in force later that year and again in June 2012,shortly after the government passed its much criticized austerity plan.
The Rapid Support Forces is a paramilitary force formerly operated by the Government of Sudan. The RSF grew out of,and is primarily composed of,the Janjaweed militias which previously fought on behalf of the Sudanese government. Its actions in Darfur qualify as crimes against humanity in the opinion of Human Rights Watch.
The 1969 Sudanese coup d'état was a successful coup,led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry,against the government of President Ismail al-Azhari. The coup signaled the end of Sudan's second democratic era,and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's 16 year rule.
The Sudanese Revolution was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months,during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power,3 June Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir,and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.
A coup d'état took place in Sudan in the late afternoon on 11 April 2019,when President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the Sudanese Armed Forces after popular protests demanded his departure. At that time,the army,led by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf,toppled the government and National Legislature and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months,followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Abdelrahman al-Burhan is a Sudanese army general who is the de facto ruler of Sudan. Following the Sudanese Revolution in April 2019,he was handed control of the military junta,the Transitional Military Council,a day after it was formed,due to protesters' dissatisfaction with the establishment ties of initial leader Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf. He served as chairman of the TMC until a draft constitutional declaration signed with civilians went into effect on the 17th of August and a collective head of state Transitional Sovereignty Council was formed,also to be initially headed by al-Burhan.
The 2019–2022 Sudanese protests were street protests in Sudan which began in mid-September 2019,during Sudan's transition to democracy,about issues which included the nomination of a new Chief Justice and Attorney General,the killing of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF),the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan,opposition to a state governor in el-Gadarif and to show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) coordinators,and advocating the dismissal of previous-government officials in Red Sea,White Nile,and South Darfur. The protests follow the Sudanese Revolution's street protests and civil disobedience of the early September 2019 transfer of executive power to the country's Sovereignty Council,civilian prime minister Abdalla Hamdok,and his cabinet of ministers. Hamdok described the 39-month transition period as defined by the aims of the revolution.
The Sudanese Congress Party is a Sudanese centre-left,social democratic,pro-secular political party created in 1986 as National Congress and renamed as the SCP in 2005.
On 25 October 2021,the Sudanese military,led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan,took control of the Government of Sudan in a military coup. At least five senior government figures were initially detained. Civilian Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance;he was confined to house arrest on 26 October. Internet outages were reported. Later the same day,the Sovereignty Council was dissolved,a state of emergency was put in place,and a majority of the Hamdok Cabinet and a number of pro-government supporters were arrested. As of 5 November 2021,the list of those detained included "government ministers,members of political parties,lawyers,civil society activists,journalists,human rights defenders,and protest leaders",who were held in secret locations,without access to their families or lawyers.
The battle of Khartoum is an ongoing major battle for control of Khartoum,the capital city of Sudan,with fighting in and around the city between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF),and the Sudanese Armed Forces. The battle began on 15 April 2023,after the RSF captured Khartoum International Airport,several military bases,and the presidential palace,starting an escalating series of clashes.
Since gaining independence in 1956,Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état,totalling 19 coup attempts,of which 7 were successful,which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts and it ranks second globally,just behind Bolivia,which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950. This include the 1958 self coup,the 1985 and 2019 soft coups,and 1957 and 1959 Putsch.