| Munson's sign | |
|---|---|
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| Differential diagnosis | Keratoconus |
Munson's sign is a V-shaped indentation observed in the lower eyelid when the patient's gaze is directed downwards. The medical sign is characteristic of advanced cases of keratoconus and is caused by the cone-shaped cornea pressing down into the eyelid. [1]
It is named after American ophthalmologist Edwin Sterling Munson (born May 8, 1870 – died Feb. 2, 1958). [2] [3]
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning. Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur. Itching is more common in cases due to allergies. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.
An epicanthic fold is a skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye. However, variation occurs in the nature of this feature and the possession of 'partial epicanthic folds' or 'slight epicanthic folds' is noted in the relevant literature. Various factors influence whether epicanthic folds form, including ancestry, age, and certain medical conditions.
Blepharitis is one of the most common ocular conditions characterized by inflammation, scaling, reddening, and crusting of the eyelid. This condition may also cause burning, itching, or a grainy sensation when introducing foreign objects or substances to the eye. Although blepharitis is not sight-threatening, it can lead to permanent alterations of the eyelid margin. The overall etiology is a result of bacteria and inflammation from congested meibomian oil glands at the base of each eyelash. Other conditions may give rise to blepharitis, whether they be infectious or noninfectious, including, but not limited to, bacterial infections or allergies.
Chalazion is a cyst in the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland. They are typically in the middle of the eyelid, red, and not painful. They tend to come on gradually over a few weeks.
A stye, also known as a hordeolum, is a bacterial infection of an oil gland in the eyelid. This results in a red tender bump at the edge of the eyelid. The outside or the inside of the eyelid can be affected.
Ocular rosacea is a manifestation of rosacea that affects the eyes and eyelids. Signs and symptoms generally consist of redness, irritation or burning of the eyes. Affected individuals may also feel that there is something, such as an eyelash, in the eye and frequently have redness of the nose and cheeks as well.
Drapetomania was a conjectural mental illness that, in 1851, American physician Samuel A. Cartwright hypothesized as the cause of enslaved Africans fleeing captivity. Contemporarily reprinted in the South, Cartwright's article was widely mocked and satirized in the northern United States. The concept has since been debunked as pseudoscience and shown to be part of the edifice of scientific racism.
Blepharoplasty is the plastic surgery operation for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids; and for aesthetically modifying the eye region of the face. With the excision and the removal, or the repositioning of excess tissues, such as skin and adipocyte fat, and the reinforcement of the corresponding muscle and tendon tissues, the blepharoplasty procedure resolves functional and cosmetic problems of the periorbita, which is the area from the eyebrow to the upper portion of the cheek. The procedure is more common among women, who accounted for approximately 85% of blepharoplasty procedures in 2014 in the US and 88% of such procedures in the UK.
The frontal suture is a fibrous joint that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. Typically, it completely fuses between three and nine months of age, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. It is also called the metopic suture, although this term may also refer specifically to a persistent frontal suture.
Von Graefe's sign is the lagging of the upper eyelid on downward rotation of the eye, indicating exophthalmic goiter. It is a dynamic sign, whereas lid lag is a static sign which may also be present in cicatricial eyelid retraction or congenital ptosis.
Graves ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). It occurs most commonly in individuals with Graves' disease, and less commonly in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or in those who are euthyroid.
Benjamin Syndrome is a type of multiple congenital anomaly/intellectual disability (MCA/MR) syndrome. It is characterized by hypochromic anemia with intellectual disability and various craniofacial and other anomalies. It can also include heart murmur, dental caries and splenic tumors.
The iliopectineal line is the border of the iliopubic eminence. It can be defined as a compound structure of the arcuate line and pectineal line. With the sacral promontory, it makes up the linea terminalis.
William Alan Munson was an American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1964 through 1979. He also played college football for Utah State where he set multiple passing records as a senior in 1963.
The hepatorenal recess is the space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions. However, fluid can collect in this space in circumstances where the abdomen fills with fluid, such as hemoperitoneum. This fluid may be seen on ultrasound or computed tomography.
The Asboe-Hansen sign refers to the extension of a blister to adjacent unblistered skin when pressure is put on the top of the bulla.
Bahima disease is caused by iron deficiency in babies which are fed exclusively on cow's milk. It is characterized by a tower-shaped skull, dilatation of the diploe, and no signs of thalassaemia, sickle cell or other haemolytic anaemia.
Hutchinson's patch is a dull orangish-pink area on the cornea, most often found at the periphery of the cornea. The sign is an indication of interstitial keratitis, causing corneal neovascularisation.
Blood vessels derived from the ciliary vessels are thickly set in the layers of the cornea and produce a dull red color—"the salmon patch of Hutchinson." These patches may be small and crescent-shaped, or large and sector-like.
Hutchinson's facies is a facial appearance involving drooping eyelids and immobile eyes in external ophthalmoplegia. This sign is associated with neurosyphilis. It is named in honour of the English physician Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913).
When the ophthalmoplegia is complete, the physiognomy of the patient has a special character, known as Hutchinson's facies. The eyelids are half closed, so that the patient appears to be asleep; they partially cover the cornea. As the patient tries to remedy the blepharoptosis by contraction of the frontalis muscle, the brow is wrinkled and the eyebrows are arched. If the upper eyelids are raised, the eyeballs are immobile, "as though formed of wax" (Benedikt). When the paralysis affects all the external muscles, the eyes are directed straight forwards. The look is, however, somewhat vague, because the optical axes are not absolutely parallel.
Hutchinson's mask is a patient's sensation that the face is covered with a mask or a gauzy network like cobwebs. This medical sign is associated with tabes dorsalis affecting the trigeminal nerve. It is named in honour of the English physician Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913).
Subjective sensations of various kinds, as numbness, pins and needles, formication, a cold trickling feeling in the skin, a feeling in the soles of the feet of walking on putty, wool, or velvet may be complained of. In rare cases Hutchinson's mask, due to affection of the fifth, occurs. The patient says his face feels stiff, and he feels as if it were covered by a cobweb.
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