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A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, anemia, renal insufficiency, and infections may occur. Complications may include hypercalcemia and amyloidosis.
A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens. These antibodies are transported from the plasma cells by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system to the site of the target antigen, where they initiate its neutralization or destruction. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B cell.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies, also called monoclonal antibodies. This process starts by injecting a mouse with an antigen that provokes an immune response. A type of white blood cell, the B cell, produces antibodies that bind to the injected antigen. These antibody producing B-cells are then harvested from the mouse and, in turn, fused with immortal myeloma cancer cells, to produce a hybrid cell line called a hybridoma, which has both the antibody-producing ability of the B-cell and the longevity and reproductivity of the myeloma.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which plasma cells or other types of antibody-producing cells secrete a myeloma protein, i.e. an abnormal antibody, into the blood; this abnormal protein is usually found during standard laboratory blood or urine tests. MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and similar diseases, but the levels of antibodies are lower, the number of plasma cells in the bone marrow is lower, and it rarely has symptoms or major problems. However, since MGUS can lead to multiple myeloma, which develops at the rate of about 1.5% a year, or other symptomatic conditions, yearly monitoring is recommended.
FLAG-tag, or FLAG octapeptide, or FLAG epitope, is a peptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology, having the sequence DYKDDDDK. It is one of the most specific tags and it is an artificial antigen to which specific, high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been developed and hence can be used for protein purification by affinity chromatography and also can be used for locating proteins within living cells. FLAG-tag has been used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild-type protein expressed by the host organism. FLAG-tag can also be used in the isolation of protein complexes with multiple subunits, because FLAG-tag's mild purification procedure tends not to disrupt such complexes. FLAG-tag-based purification has been used to obtain proteins of sufficient purity and quality to carry out 3D structure determination by x-ray crystallography.
Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans. The process of "humanization" is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration to humans. Humanization can be necessary when the process of developing a specific antibody involves generation in a non-human immune system. The protein sequences of antibodies produced in this way are partially distinct from homologous antibodies occurring naturally in humans, and are therefore potentially immunogenic when administered to human patients. The International Nonproprietary Names of humanized antibodies end in -zumab, as in omalizumab.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have varied therapeutic uses. It is possible to create a mAb that binds specifically to almost any extracellular target, such as cell surface proteins and cytokines. They can be used to render their target ineffective, to induce a specific cell signal, to cause the immune system to attack specific cells, or to bring a drug to a specific cell type.
A myeloma protein is an abnormal antibody (immunoglobulin) or a fragment thereof, such as an immunoglobulin light chain, that is produced in excess by an abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, typically in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Other terms for such a protein are monoclonal protein, M protein, M component, M spike, spike protein, or paraprotein. This proliferation of the myeloma protein has several deleterious effects on the body, including impaired immune function, abnormally high blood viscosity, and kidney damage.
A bispecific monoclonal antibody is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different types of antigen or two different epitopes on the same antigen. Naturally occurring antibodies typically only target one antigen. BsAbs can be manufactured in several structural formats. BsAbs can be designed to recruit and activate immune cells, to interfere with receptor signaling and inactivate signaling ligands, and to force association of protein complexes. BsAbs have been explored for cancer immunotherapy, drug delivery, and Alzheimer's disease.
Ig gamma-1 chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHG1 gene.
C-type lectin domain family 11 member A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC11A gene.
In hematology, plasma cell dyscrasias are a spectrum of progressively more severe monoclonal gammopathies in which a clone or multiple clones of pre-malignant or malignant plasma cells over-produce and secrete into the blood stream a myeloma protein, i.e. an abnormal monoclonal antibody or portion thereof. The exception to this rule is the disorder termed non-secretory multiple myeloma; this disorder is a form of plasma cell dyscrasia in which no myeloma protein is detected in serum or urine of individuals who have clear evidence of an increase in clonal bone marrow plasma cells and/or evidence of clonal plasma cell-mediated tissue injury. Here, a clone of plasma cells refers to group of plasma cells that are abnormal in that they have an identical genetic identity and therefore are descendants of a single genetically distinct ancestor cell.
A rabbit hybridoma is a hybrid cell line formed by the fusion of an antibody producing rabbit B cell with a cancerous B-cell (myeloma).
MDX-1097 is a monoclonal antibody therapy that in 2023 has been assessed in a Phase IIb clinical trial in conjunction with lenalidomide and dexamethasone as a treatment for multiple myeloma, a type of white blood cell cancer. MDX-1097 was originally developed by scientists at Immune System Therapeutics Ltd. In 2015, Haemalogix Ltd acquired the rights to MDX-1097 and are taking it through clinical testing.
Creative Biolabs, Inc. is a life-science company which produces and supplies biotech products and services for early drug discovery and development, including various phage display libraries such as pre-made libraries, phage display services, antibody sequencing, and antibody humanization. Customers include pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies, clinical research organizations and biotechnology companies.
Recombinant antibodies are antibody fragments produced by using recombinant antibody coding genes. They mostly consist of a heavy and light chain of the variable region of immunoglobulin. Recombinant antibodies have many advantages in both medical and research applications, which make them a popular subject of exploration and new production against specific targets. The most commonly used form is the single chain variable fragment (scFv), which has shown the most promising traits exploitable in human medicine and research. In contrast to monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma technology, which may lose the capacity to produce the desired antibody over time or the antibody may undergo unwanted changes, which affect its functionality, recombinant antibodies produced in phage display maintain high standard of specificity and low immunogenicity.
Transient expression, more frequently referred to "transient gene expression", is the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid, most frequently plasmid DNA encoding an expression cassette, has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium phosphate (CaPi) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). However, unlike "stable expression," the foreign DNA does not fuse with the host cell DNA, resulting in the inevitable loss of the vector after several cell replication cycles. The majority of transient gene expressions are done with cultivated animal cells. The technique is also used in plant cells; however, the transfer of nucleic acids into these cells requires different methods than those with animal cells. In both plants and animals, transient expression should result in a time-limited use of transferred nucleic acids, since any long-term expression would be called "stable expression."
Passive antibody therapy, also called serum therapy, is a subtype of passive immunotherapy that administers antibodies to target and kill pathogens or cancer cells. It is designed to draw support from foreign antibodies that are donated from a person, extracted from animals, or made in the laboratory to elicit an immune response instead of relying on the innate immune system to fight disease. It has a long history from the 18th century for treating infectious diseases and is now a common cancer treatment. The mechanism of actions include: antagonistic and agonistic reaction, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
References
- ↑ Barnes, LM; Bentley, CM; Dickson, AJ (February 2000). "Advances in animal cell recombinant protein production: GS-NS0 expression system". Cytotechnology. 32 (2): 109–23. doi:10.1023/A:1008170710003. PMC 3449689 . PMID 19002973.
- 1 2 M. Barnes, Louise; Bentley, Catherine M.; Dickson, Alan J. (2000). "Advances in animal cell recombinant protein production: GS-NS0 expression system". Cytotechnology. 32 (2): 109–123. doi:10.1023/A:1008170710003. PMC 3449689 . PMID 19002973.
- ↑ Sato, JD; Cao, HT; Kayada, Y; Cabot, MC; Sato, GH; Okamoto, T; Welsh, CJ (December 1988). "Effects of proximate cholesterol precursors and steroid hormones on mouse myeloma growth in serum-free medium". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. 24 (12): 1223–8. doi:10.1007/bf02624194. PMID 3209588. S2CID 2470410.
- ↑ Galfrè, G; Milstein, C (1981). "[1] Preparation of monoclonal antibodies: Strategies and procedures". Preparation of monoclonal antibodies: strategies and procedures. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 73. pp. 3–46. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(81)73054-4. ISBN 9780121819736. PMID 7300683.
- ↑ "NS0 Cell Line from murine myeloma" . Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ↑ Barnes, Louise M.; Bentley, Catherine M.; Dickson, Alan J. (20 May 2001). "Characterization of the stability of recombinant protein production in the GS-NS0 expression system". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 73 (4): 261–270. doi:10.1002/bit.1059. PMID 11283909.
- ↑ Wurm, Florian M (November 2004). "Production of recombinant protein therapeutics in cultivated mammalian cells". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (11): 1393–8. doi:10.1038/nbt1026. PMID 15529164. S2CID 20428452.
