The year 682 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 72 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 682 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
The year 653 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 101 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 653 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Nahundi or Nahhundi was the ancient Elamite god of the sun and of law. His name means "creator of the day". Little else is known about this deity.
Inshushinak was one of the major gods of the Elamites and the protector deity of Susa. The ziggurat at Choqa Zanbil is dedicated to him.
Kutik-Inshushinak was king of Elam around 2100 BC, and the last from the Awan dynasty according to the Susa kinglist.
Untash-Napirisha was king of Elam during the Middle Elamite period. He was the son of the previous Elamite king, Humban-Numena. He was named after Napirisha, an Elamite deity.
Meli-Šipak II, or alternatively Melišiḫu in contemporary inscriptions, was the 33rd king of the Kassite or 3rd Dynasty of Babylon ca. 1186–1172 BC and he ruled for 15 years. His reign marks the critical synchronization point in the chronology of the Ancient Near East.
The Awan Dynasty(Sumerian: 𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠, awan) was the first dynasty of Elam of which anything is known today, appearing at the dawn of historical record. The Dynasty corresponds to the early part of the Old Elamite period, it was succeeded by the Shimashki Dynasty and later the Sukkalmah Dynasty. The Elamites were likely major rivals of neighboring Sumer from remotest antiquity; they were said to have been defeated by Enmebaragesi of Kish, who is the earliest archaeologically attested Sumerian king, as well as by a later monarch, Eannatum I of Lagash.
Šutruk-Nakhunte was king of Elam from about 1184 to 1155 BC, and the second king of the Shutrukid Dynasty.
Zababa-šuma-iddina was the 35th and penultimate king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon, who reigned for just one year, ca. 1158 BC. He was without apparent ties to the royal family and there is uncertainty concerning the circumstances of his coming to power.
Enlil-nādin-aḫe, “Enlil gives a brother,” or Enlil-šuma-uṣur, “Enlil protect the son,” depending on the reading of –MU-ŠEŠ, ca. 1157—1155 BC, was the 36th and final king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that had ruled over Babylon and the land known as Karduniash since perhaps around 1500 BC.
Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu, "Marduk is the most important among his brothers", ca. 1157–1140 BC, was the founder of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin, which was to rule Babylon until around 1025 BC. He apparently acceded in the aftermath of the Elamite overthrow of the Kassite Dynasty. His name and length of reign are most clearly ascertained from the Babylonian King List C which gives 18 years for his rule.
Itti-Marduk-balāṭu, inscribed mKI-dAMAR.UTU-DIN “with Marduk life,” c. 1140–1132 BC, was the 2nd king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin that ruled over Babylon, and he was the son of its founder, Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu. He is thought to be the first of the dynasty actually to rule from the city of Babylon.
The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin is a stele that dates to approximately 2254-2218 BC, in the time of the Akkadian Empire, and is now in the Louvre in Paris. The relief measures six feet in height and was carved in pink limestone. It depicts the King Naram-Sin of Akkad leading the Akkadian army to victory over the Lullubi, a mountain people from the Zagros Mountains. It shows a narrative of the King crossing the steep slopes into enemy territory; on the left are the ordered imperial forces keeping in rank while marching over the disordered defenders that lie broken and defeated. Naram-Sin in shown as by far the most important figure; he is shown towering over his enemy and troops and all eyes gaze up toward him. The weak and chaotic opposing forces are shown being thrown from atop the mountainside, impaled by spears, fleeing and begging Naram-Sin for mercy as well as being trampled underfoot by Naram-Sin himself. This is supposed to convey their uncivilized and barbaric nature making the conquest justified.
Igi-Halki was a king of Susa and Anshan (Elam) early in the 14th century BC. In one of his inscriptions, he says that “(the goddess) Manzat-Ishtar granted him the kingship of Susa and Anzan...”. The absence of ancestor kings in this inscription made scholars suggest that he started a new dynasty in Elam, usually called Igihalkids. Igi-Halki might have been installed by a Babylonian king Kurigalzu I, who conquered Susa about that time. He is also mentioned as the father of king Attar-kittah on two mace heads found in Chogha Zanbil, and in the inscription of king Shilhak-Inshushinak as the father of kings Pahir-ishan and Attar-Kittah.
Humban-Numena was a king of Elam from the Igihalkid dynasty. He was a son and successor of Attar-kittah, as it is attested in his inscriptions from temples in Liyan and in Susa. He is mentioned as the father of King Untsah-Napirisha in a later inscription of king Shilhak-Inshushinak. According to a Neo-Babylonian copy of a letter from an Elamite king to the Babylonian court, he married a daughter of Babylonian king Kurigalzu or a daughter of his uncle, Elamite King Pahir-ishshan.
Shilhak-inshushinak was king of Elam from about 1150 to 1120 BC and a king of the Shutrukid Dynasty.
Kindattu 6th king of Shimashki Dynasty, in Elam, at the time of third dynasty of Ur in ancient Lower Mesopotamia. He is mentioned in the Shilhak-Inshushinak list of kings who did work on Inshushinak temple in Susa. Apparently, Kindattu invaded and conquered Ur, and took Ibbi-Sin, the last of the third dynasty of Ur, as a prisoner. Elamites sacked Ur and settled there, but then were defeated by Ishbi-Erra, the first king of Isin dynasty on his year 16, and later expelled from Mesopotamia.
