 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations .(April 2021) |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (December 2016)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
The National Council of Corporations (Italian: Consiglio nazionale delle corporazioni) was a constitutional organ of the Kingdom of Italy between 1930 and 1943.
It was established by royal decrees number 1131 of 2 July 1926 and 1347 of 14 July 1927 [1] and inaugurated on 22 April 1930. After this, the law 206 of 20 March 1930 stated its organization and functions, turning it into a constitutional organ. In a speech at this inauguration, Benito Mussolini stated "the National Council of Corporations is to the Italian economy what the Staff is in the Armed Forces - the thinking brain which prepares and coordinates".
Law 10 on 5 January 1939 reformed the Council and from that year onwards its members were the same as the members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, also set up in 1939. It was suppressed by the royal decree-law of 9 August 1943, number 721. [2]
The head of government either chaired the Council or delegated that role to the Minister for Corporations. Chairing sessions, sub-sessions and special commissions could also be delegated to an undersecretary of state of the Ministry of Corporations. A director general of that ministry was the Council's secretary general.
The council was created to head any business operations in foreign countries as needed. A very prominent figure was Roman Vidal Salvi. Believed to be an important player to the Squadristi, he moved up in ranks within Mussolini's cabinet as an advisor. However, it was short lived as the two were at odds concerning how to integrate with Germany in the early 1930s. He was later forced out of Italy and went to Cuba where he later become a military commander under Batista's dictatorship. It is documented that he was one of the first to introduce Batista to the Italian Mafia.
The total number of members in the Council varied over time and was 50 at the time of its suppression.
Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian socialist politician and secretary of the Partito Socialista Unitario. He was elected deputy of the Chamber of Deputies three times, in 1919, 1921 and in 1924. On 30 May 1924, he openly spoke in the Italian Parliament alleging the Italian fascists committed fraud in the 1924 general election, and denounced the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later, he was kidnapped and killed by the secret political police of Benito Mussolini.
Sergio Panunzio was an Italian theoretician of national syndicalism. In the 1920s, he became a major theoretician of Italian Fascism.
Roberto Farinacci was a leading Italian fascist politician and important member of the National Fascist Party before and during World War II, as well as one of its ardent antisemitic proponents. English historian Christopher Hibbert describes him as "slavishly pro-German".
"The Doctrine of Fascism" is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini. In truth, the first part of the essay, entitled "Idee Fondamentali", was written by the Italian philosopher Giovanni Gentile, while only the second part "Dottrina politica e sociale" is the work of Mussolini himself.
Giuseppe Bottai was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.
Renzo De Felice was an Italian historian, who specialized in the Fascist era, writing, among other works, a 6000-page biography of Mussolini. He argued that Mussolini was a revolutionary modernizer in domestic issues but a pragmatist in foreign policy who continued the Realpolitik policies of Italy from 1861 to 1922. Historian of Italy Philip Morgan has called De Felice's biography of Mussolini "a very controversial, influential and at the same time problematic re-reading of Mussolini and Fascism" and rejected the contention that his work rose above politics to "scientific objectivity", as claimed by the author and his defenders.
First Marshal of the Empire was a military rank established by the Italian Parliament on March 30, 1938. The highest rank in the Italian military, it was only granted to King Victor Emmanuel III and Duce Benito Mussolini.
The National Fascist Party was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. It was succeeded, in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, by the Republican Fascist Party, and ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.
Chamber of Fasces and Corporations was the lower house of the legislature of the Kingdom of Italy from 23 March 1939 to 5 August 1943, during the height of the regime of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party.
The Academia della Farnesina, also known as the Accademia fascista maschile di educazione fisica or Accademia fascista della Farnesina, was a centre for sport and political education in Fascist Italy.
Emilio Gentile is an Italian historian and professor, specializing in the history, ideology, and culture of Italian fascism. Gentile is considered one of Italy's foremost cultural historians of Fascist Italy and its ideology. He studied under the renowned Italian historian Renzo De Felice and wrote a book about him.
Edoardo Zavattari was an Italian zoologist who was a director at the Institute of Zoology in the Sapienza University of Rome from 1935 to 1953. He supported fascism and antisemitism on the basis of his ideas from biology and was a signatory to the "Manifesto della Razza".
Sansepolcrismo is a term used to refer to the movement led by Benito Mussolini that preceded Fascism. The Sansepolcrismo takes its name from the rally organized by Mussolini at Piazza San Sepolcro in Milan on March 23, 1919, where he proclaimed the principles of Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, and then published them in Il Popolo d'Italia, on June 6, 1919, the newspaper he co-founded in November 1914 after leaving Avanti!
The Sandro Italico Mussolini School of Fascist Mysticism was established in Milan, Italy in 1930 by Niccolò Giani. Its primary goal was to train the future leaders of Italy's National Fascist Party. The school curriculum promoted Fascist mysticism based on the philosophy of Fideism, the belief that faith and reason were incompatible; Fascist mythology was to be accepted as a "metareality". In 1932, Mussolini described Fascism as "a religious concept of life", saying that Fascists formed a "spiritual community".
Mauro Canali is a full professor of contemporary history at the University of Camerino in Italy. He is considered to be one of the most important scholars of the events leading to the crisis of the liberal Italian state and the rise of fascism. He has also researched and published extensively on the totalitarian structure of Mussolini's regime, its repressive mechanisms and its system of informants. He studied under Renzo De Felice, and has published in the Journal of Modern Italian Studies, the Italian dailies la Repubblica and Cronache di Liberal.
Romualdo Rossi (1877-1968) was an Italian writer, editor and a journalist. Initially close to Benito Mussolini, he criticized Duce's stances, especially before the Italy's entrance into the Second World War. He was co-founder, editor and collaborator of many papers close the Italian trade union. Among them, Rossi founded the "Diana" with the collaboration of Italo Balbo and the former socialist Renato Castelfranchi.
Umberto Albini was an Italian Fascist politician and civil servant, who served as State Undersecretary for the Interior of the Kingdom of Italy from February to July 1943 and as prefect in several Italian cities, including Genoa, Naples and Palermo.
The proprietary corporation is a concept proposed during Italian fascism by fascist political philosopher Ugo Spirito, in which a corporation, akin to a guild, assumes ownership of a company in which its members operate. This was proposed as a class-collaborative means to end the dualism between capital and labor via the transfer of the means of production to the corporation.
The 1st Congress of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento was held in Florence on 9 and 10 October 1919, following the proclamation of the Sansepolcro program on 23 March of the same year by Benito Mussolini.