The economy of Egypt used to be a highly centralized economy, focused on import substitution under president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954–1970). During the rule of president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2014–present), the economy follows Egypt's 2030 Vision. The policy is aimed at diversifying Egypt's economy. The country's economy is the second largest in Africa by nominal GDP, and 38th in worldwide ranking as of 2023.
The economy of Eritrea has undergone extreme changes after the War of Independence. It experienced considerable growth in recent years, indicated by an improvement in gross domestic product in 2011 of 8.7 percent and in 2012 of 7.5% over 2011, and has a total of $8.090 billion as of 2020. However, worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product.
Irrigation is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from frost, suppress weed growth in grain fields, and prevent soil consolidation. It is also used to cool livestock, reduce dust, dispose of sewage, and support mining operations. Drainage, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation.
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation and road salt.
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1980s, the Aswan High Dam, is one of the world's largest embankment dams, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. When it was completed, it was the tallest earthen dam in the world, eclipsing the United States' Chatuge Dam. Its significance largely upstaged the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the new regime the Free Officers movement of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Taiwan Space Agency, formerly the National Space Organization from 1991 to 2023, is the national civilian space agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan), under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council. TASA is involved in the development of space technologies and related research.
The military industry of Egypt produces defense and security products including small arms, armored vehicles, and naval vessels for the Egyptian Armed Forces. Equipment is also exported. Egypt has co-production agreements with several countries, including the United States and France.
The General Intelligence Service, often referred to as the Mukhabarat is an Egyptian intelligence agency responsible for providing national security intelligence, both domestically and internationally. The GIS is part of the Egyptian intelligence community, together with the Office of Military Intelligence Services and Reconnaissance and National Security Agency.
Ezz Steel is the largest steel company in Egypt, the Middle East and North Africa Region,. It was founded in 1994 by Ahmed Ezz, an entrepreneur and former National Democratic Party MP, who was tried for profiteering and squandering public funds after the 2011 revolution, in a case that was settled for $96 million in 2018. In 1999, Ezz Steel was listed on the Egyptian Exchange under the ticker symbol ESRS, and has depositary receipts listed on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol AEZD. As of March 2023, Ahmed Ezz owned 60.71% of Ezz Steel through his Ezz Holding Company, while the Bank of New York Mellon held 5.82% of the company. Currently, Ezz Steel is listed as number 6 in Forbes' Top 50 Listed Companies in Egypt 2023.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of Egypt is a ministerial body in charge of agriculture and land reclamation in Egypt.
Sharq El Owainat, or East Oweinat is a 110,000 acre desert land reclamation project that started in 1991, in the New Valley Governorate, Egypt. It is in a remote location in the Western Desert in the extreme south-west of the country, east of Oweinat Mountain, delimiting Egypt's south western border with Libya and Sudan. The project is operated by the Egyptian Military's National Company for Reclamation and Agriculture in East Oweinat, and in 2021 a further 1.4 million acres were added to its concession.
The ST-100 is a multi-mission armored vehicle that appeared for the first time during the activities of the Military and Defense Industries Exhibition EDEX in 2018 in Cairo. It is produced at the Military Factory 200 in cooperation with the International Marathon United Technology Group (IMUT), which is a purely Egyptian company, and was previously headquartered in South Africa. Under the name SASKA, it was owned by an Egyptian businessman. The company began developing the armored vehicle in 2016, before moving to Egypt in 2018, rebranding it as IMUT, and entering into a partnership with the Egyptian Ministry of Military Production.
In the late 1970s, President Anwar Sadat initiated neoliberal policies in Egypt. Following Sadat's assassination in 1981, President Hosni Mubarak came to power and continued the economic liberalization of Egypt.
The Unified Command of the Area East of the Canal is an Egyptian military formation that was created to combat the terrorism and insurgency in the Sinai. It is one of the five major military regions of the Egyptian Army. It groups the Second Field Army and the Third Field Army. A presidential Decree from Abdel Fattah al-Sisi appointed the command's first commander, Lieutenant General Osama Askar. The command was created to improve cooperation and unity of command and coordination between the Second and Third field armies.
Armed Forces Engineering Authority is one of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense agencies. The Armed Forces Engineering Authority, through its affiliated departments, carries out many specialized tasks and engineering insurance operations for the main branches of the Armed Forces. It also contributes to the comprehensive development process of the state. Starting from clearing the land of war remnants to establish development and urban projects, establishing networks of free roads, bridges and airports in various governorates of Egypt, establishing many water desalination plants and drilling wells, extending water lines to new cities and urban communities, implementing surveying work and issuing maps and encyclopedias to assist civil agencies. In implementing mega projects, as well as participating in healthy cultural and social development projects by establishing and developing schools, hospitals, health units, and cultural development centers in all parts of Egypt, establishing agricultural and production projects, manufacturing raw materials and construction materials used in the projects, and establishing and developing stadiums, stadiums, and sports arenas to hold local and international tournaments. It also assists the civil sector in overcoming the effects resulting from natural and industrial disasters, carrying out rescue, rescue and rapid intervention operations using the latest devices and various equipment, capabilities and capabilities, sheltering those affected, removing rubble and assisting in establishing health isolation camps.
Mohamed M. Abou El Enein is an Egyptian businessman, investor, public figure and politician. He is the chairman and founder of Cleopatra Group and the founder of many major projects spread all over Egypt. He has been a Member of Parliament for over 15 years, from 1995 to 2011, being chosen as the Chairman of many Committees and as a representative in many international assemblies. Currently, he is serving as Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives. He won several international awards and certificates of honor for his contribution to the various fields of business.
The automotive industry in Egypt has been developing for 50 years. It can sell more than 200,000 vehicles annually and is now the second-largest market in Africa and the 42nd largest in the world, with an annual production output of over 70,000 vehicles. After experiencing many failures and success, the Egyptian Automotive industry is focusing more on assembly operations rather than manufacturing.
The National Authority for Military Production or National Organisation for Military Production (Egyptian Arabic: الهيئة القومية للإنتاج الحربي) is an Egyptian body with a legal personality affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established pursuant to Law No. 6 of 1984 to become one of the pillars of the military industry in Egypt through its supervision of military factories. It was previously called the (Egyptian General Organisation for Military Factories and Aircraft Industry) before changing to its current name.
The Abu Zaabal Engineering Industries Company or Military Factory 100, is an Egyptian government joint-stock company, one of the companies of the National Authority for Military Production affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established in 1974 and reopened in 1983 in the Abu Zaabal area of Qalyubia Governorate on an area of approximately 730 acres with the aim of securing the needs of the Egyptian Armed Forces for types of artillery.
