The National Space Program Management Office (GGPEN) is an Angolan government agency responsible for promoting the peaceful use of space and conducting technical space studies. [1] [2] GGPEN was established through the Angola Presidential Decree 154/13, page 2673. [3] The agency's mission is to conduct strategic studies aimed at establishing cooperation agreements with technical and scientific institutions in the space domain and ensuring the creation of national technological and human competencies and the transfer of technology and know-how within the scope of the National Space Program. [4] The Angola National Space Strategy plan for 2016-2025 was approved by the presidential decree n. º 85/17, 10 of May, the strategy is based in the following 5 main pillars:
GGPEN launched the AngoSat-1 in 2017, which went defunct four months after its launch. [5] AngoSat 2, which is the replacement satellite for AngoSat 1 is currently under development and expected to be launched in 2022. [6] [7] In May 2019, Angola's President, João Lourenço signed another Presidential decree authorizing the National Space Program Management to sign contract on behalf of Angola for the manufacture of AngoSat-3 to be built by Airbus. [8] [9] The decree is Series I, number 62/19, dated of May 8, 2019.[ citation needed ]
In November 2019, the agency launched a drought monitoring project alongside the Angolan Ministry of Telecommunications and Information and Social Communication Technologies in a bid to tackle drought issues in the country. [10] Angola is also leading the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) satellite shared network project with the objective of providing quality telecommunications services at affordable prices. [11] [12]
The agency organizes several trainings and capacity development programs to strengthen its workforce. It had a training on small satellite development in May 2019, [13] [14] and organized training with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and SADC on Satellite Applications Training in January 2020. [15] In 2019, the agency sent six students for master's degree in space science and technology at ISAE-SUPAERO [16] through capacity development program for AngoSat-2. The students are to learn from the construction of the Angosat-2 payload and the construction of the AngoSat-3 satellite. The agency launched the AngoSat Educa mobile app for space education and outreach in 2018 [17] and has also adopted the use of comic books to educate young students in the country about space science and technology. [18] These trainings have led to the incubation of ten startups by GGPEN that are contributing to the growth of space science and technology in Angola. [19]
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the west-central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and population, and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda.
Zenit is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro, Ukraine, which was then part of the Soviet Union. Zenit was originally built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone middle-weight launcher with a payload greater than the 7 tonnes of the Soyuz but smaller than the 20 tonnes payload of the Proton. The last rocket family developed in the USSR, the Zenit was intended as an eventual replacement for the dated Soyuz and Proton families, and it would employ propellants which were safer and less toxic than the Proton's nitrogen tetroxide/UDMH mix. Zenit was planned to take over crewed spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Taiwan Space Agency, formerly the National Space Organization (NSPO), is the national civilian space agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan), under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council. TASA is involved in the development of space technologies and related research.
The National Institute for Aerospace Technology "Esteban Terradas" is an autonomous agency of the Spanish public administration dependent on the Secretariat of State for Defence (SEDEF). It is responsible for the aerospace, aeronautics, hydrodynamics, and defense and security technologies research.
Earth Resources Observation Satellite (EROS) is a series of Israeli commercial Earth observation satellites, designed and manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), with optical payload supplied by El-Op. The satellites are owned and operated by ImageSat International N.V. (ISI), a company founded in 1997, as a Joint venture between IAI, El-Op and Core Software Technology (CST). EROS A was launched on December 5, 2000 and EROS B on April 25, 2006.
The National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) is the national space agency of Nigeria. It is a parastatal under Federal Ministry of Science and Technology. The agency is based in the Nigerian capital city of Abuja in the Lugbe district and has a ground receiving station, among various other sites. It has had cooperation in space technology with the United Kingdom, China, Ukraine and Russia. The agency has struggled with meeting its financial plans and some of its facilities are rundown. Despite this, the space agency is one of the most advanced space agencies in Africa, boasting of four satellites and very grand ambitions. Nigeria's satellites have been praised for their high-resolution images. NASRDA is host to one of UN-SPIDER's Regional Support Offices (RSO) in Africa.
The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) is South Africa's government agency responsible for the promotion and development of aeronautics and aerospace space research. It fosters cooperation in space-related activities and research in space science, seeks to advance scientific engineering through human capital, as well as the peaceful use of outer space, and supports the creation of an environment conducive to the industrial development of space technologies within the framework of national government.
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS) is the pioneering Egyptian institution in the field of satellite remote sensing and space sciences.
The Algerian Space Agency, was established on January 16, 2002 in Bouzareah, Algiers. The agency is in charge of the Algerian space program, and has flown five different satellites.
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre is a Dubai government organisation working on the UAE space programme, which includes various space satellite projects, the Emirates Mars Mission, the Emirates Lunar Mission, and the UAE astronaut programme. The centre actively works to promote space science and research in the region. The centre encompasses the Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology (EIAST).
SEOSat-Ingenio, was a Spanish project to produce a satellite capable of providing wide-field imagery ensuring a repeat cycle of 38 days at 2.5 metre panchromatic resolution and 10 metre colour resolution, from a sun-synchronous polar orbit; it was Spain's first optical imaging satellite. The satellite was part of the Spanish Earth Observation Satellite program. The mission was funded by Spain's Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI). SEOSat-Ingenio information was to be used by various Spanish civil, institutional or government users. However, under the Copernicus Programme of the European Union, it was also accessible to other European users, as well as to the Group on Earth observation of the Global Observing System of Earth.
Türksat 5A, is a Turkish communications satellite, operated by Türksat A.Ş. for commercial and military purposes.
Airbus Defence and Space is the division of Airbus SE responsible for the development and manufacturing of the corporation's defence and space products, while also providing related services. The division was formed in January 2014 during the corporate restructuring of European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS), and comprises the former Airbus Military, Astrium, and Cassidian divisions. It is the world's second-largest space company after Boeing and one of the top ten defence companies in the world.
AngoSat 1 was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Angosat and built by the Russian company RKK Energia. It was the first communications satellite of Angola, designed for a 15-year mission to deliver television, internet, and radio services to Angola and other territories. The satellite suffered a power problem in the first hours of flight and lost contact with ground control. After the power problem, contact was established with the satellite, but ultimately the satellite did not recover, and contact was lost permanently 3 days into the mission. After repeated failures to establish contact in the following weeks/months, the satellite was declared lost. Russia built a replacement satellite AngoSat 2.
Nigeria EduSat-1 was a Nigerian nanosatellite built by the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), created in conjunction with the Japanese Birds-1 program. It was Nigeria's first satellite built by a university. It was launched from the Japanese Kibō module of the International Space Station.
The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development (CONIDA) (Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial) is a national space agency tasked with government space activities in Peru.
José de Carvalho da Rocha is an Angolan politician serving as the governor of the northern province. He served as the Minister of Telecommunications and Information Technologies for 12 years.
The domain of international space politics gained significant traction during the Cold War. This was largely fuelled by the ongoing space race between the USA and the USSR. At this time in history, space exploration was an endeavour largely restricted to the global superpowers and seemed out of reach for many smaller, developing, nations to actively participate in. Subsequently, public concerns for the cost of research and development into novel space technologies did not receive sufficient policy and academic attention in Africa. As the Cold War reached its conclusion, political power began to diffuse across the world, and this led to many smaller nation states developing national and regional space capabilities. In the context of Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt and South Africa were the front-runners in terms of investments into space-related research and development.
AngoSat 2 is an Angolan geostationary Communications satellite that is designed to provide telecommunications and broadcasting services to Angola and the surrounding regions. It is the successor to the AngoSat 1 satellite, which was launched in 2017 but experienced technical difficulties and was declared dead and a total loss. AngoSat-2 was developed to replace AngoSat-1 and to enhance Angola's communication infrastructure.