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The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). It is organized in 114 chapters which consist of individual verses. Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies.
Shirk in Islam is a sin often roughly translated as 'idolatry' or 'polytheism', but more accurately meaning 'association [with God]'. It refers to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates. In contrast, Islam teaches that God does not share divine attributes with anyone, as it is disallowed according to the Islamic doctrine of tawhid. The Quran, the central religious text of Islam, states in 4:48 that God will not forgive shirk if one dies without repenting of it.
Al-Muzzammil is the seventy-third chapter (sūrah) of the Qur'an, containing 20 verses (āyāt), which are recognized by Muslims as the word of God (Allah). The last Ruku of this surah contains only one ayāt making it possibly the smallest Ruku according to the number of verses or ayāt.
Maryam bint Imran is revered in Islam. The Qur'an refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest woman to have ever lived. Moreover, she is the only woman named in the Quran. In the Quran, her story is related in three Meccan surahs and four Medinan surahs. The nineteenth Surah, Maryam, is named after her.
The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam’s Holy Book is a 1998 book edited by Ibn Warraq. It contains a collection of 13 critical studies of the Qur'an written over the past two centuries by historians and scholars of the Middle East: Ibn Warraq, Theodor Nöldeke, Leone Caetani, Alphonse Mingana, Arthur Jeffery, David Samuel Margoliouth, Abraham Geiger, William St. Clair Tisdall, Charles Cutler Torrey and Andrew Rippin. Most of these authors wrote their essays on the Qur'an before World War II (1939–1945).
The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad, to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies. The history of the Quran is a major focus in the field of Quranic studies.
The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by God and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Jabreel (Gabriel). The Quran has been subject to criticism both in the sense of being the subject of an interdisciplinary field of study where secular, (mostly) Western scholars set aside doctrines of its divinity, perfection, unchangeability, etc. accepted by Muslim Islamic scholars; but also in the sense of being found fault with by those — including Christian missionaries and other skeptics hoping to convert Muslims — who argue it is not divine, not perfect, and/or not particularly morally elevated.
The Sanaa palimpsest or Sanaa Quran is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence. Part of a sizable cache of Quranic and non-Quranic fragments discovered in Yemen during a 1972 restoration of the Great Mosque of Sanaa, the manuscript was identified as a palimpsest Quran in 1981 as it is written on parchment and comprises two layers of text.
Corpus Coranicum is a digital research project of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Angelika Neuwirth is a German Islamic studies scholar and Professor of Qur’anic studies at the Free University of Berlin.
In Muslim tradition the Quran is the final revelation from God, Islam's divine text, delivered to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the angel Jibril (Gabriel). Muhammad's revelations were said to have been recorded orally and in writing, through Muhammad and his followers up until his death in 632 CE. These revelations were then compiled by first caliph Abu Bakr and codified during the reign of the third caliph Uthman so that the standard codex edition of the Quran or Muṣḥaf was completed around 650 CE, according to Muslim scholars. This has been critiqued by some western scholarship, suggesting the Quran was canonized at a later date, based on the dating of classical Islamic narratives, i.e. hadiths, which were written 150–200 years after the death of Muhammad, and partly because of the textual variations present in the Sana'a manuscript. Muslim scholars who oppose the views of the Western revisionist theories regarding the historical origins of the Quran have described their theses as "untenable".
Historical reliability of the Quran concerns the question of the historicity of the described or claimed events in the Quran.
Raḥmānān was an epithet and theonym predominantly used to refer to a singular, monotheistic God from the fourth to sixth centuries in South Arabia, beginning when the ruling class of the Himyarite Kingdom converted to Judaism and replacing invocations to polytheistic religions. The term may have also been monolatrous until the arrival of Christianity in the mid-sixth century.
Quranic studies is the academic application of a diverse set of disciplines to study the Quran, drawing on methods including but not limited to ancient history, philology, textual criticism, lexicography, codicology, literary criticism, comparative religion, and historical criticism.
Gabriel Said Reynolds is an American academic and historian of religion, who serves as Jerome J. Crowley and Rosaleen G. Crowley Professor of Theology and assistant professor of Islamic Studies and Theology at the University of Notre Dame. His scholarship focuses on World Religions and World Church, History of Christianity, Qur'anic Studies, Origins of Islam, and Muslim-Christian relations.
The practice of polytheistic religion dominated in pre-Islamic Arabia until the fourth century. Inscriptions in various scripts used in the Arabian Peninsula including the Nabataean script, Safaitic, and Sabaic attest to the practice of polytheistic cults and idols until the fourth century, whereas material evidence from the fifth century onwards is almost categorically monotheistic. It is in this era that Christianity, Judaism, and other generic forms of monotheism become salient among Arab populations. In South Arabia, the ruling class of the Himyarite Kingdom would convert to Judaism and a cessation of polytheistic inscriptions is witnessed. Monotheistic religion would continue as power in this region transitioned to Christian rulers, principally Abraha, in the early sixth century.
Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry refers to the corpus of Arabic poetry composed in pre-Islamic Arabia roughly between 540 and 620 AD. Traditional Arabic literature called it al-shiʿr al-Jāhilī, "poetry from the Jahiliyyah". Surviving works largely originate from Najd, with a minority coming from the Hejaz.
Mohsen Goudarzi Taghanaki is an Iranian Quranic studies scholar and assistant professor of Islamic studies at Harvard Divinity School.
Asma Hilali is a religious studies scholar and associate professor of Islamic studies at the University of Lille, France.
Michel Cuypers is a Belgian scholar of Qurānic studies, a friar, and a member of the Fraternity of the Little Brothers of Jesus. He is a research fellow at the Dominican Institute for Oriental Studies in Cairo.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Professor Nicolai Sinai". Pembroke college. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
- ↑ Reviews of Der Koran. Eine Einführung:
- Reinhard Schulze, Journal of Qur'anic Studies, Volume 21 Issue 1, Page 127-128
- ↑ Reviews of The Qur'an. A Historical-Critical Introduction:
- Durie, Mark. Journal of the American Oriental Society; Ann Arbor Vol. 140, Iss. 2, (Apr-Jun 2020): 509-511
- Loynes, Simon P. (2020). "Nicolai Sinai, The Quran: A Historical-Critical Introduction". Der Islam. 97 (1): 284–288. doi:10.1515/islam-2020-0021. ISSN 1613-0928.
- Stephenson, Christopher (2021). "THE QUR'AN: A HISTORICAL-CRITICAL INTRODUCTION. By NicolaiSinai. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. Pp. Ix + 140. Paper, $39.95". Religious Studies Review. 47 (4): 519. doi:10.1111/rsr.15519. ISSN 0319-485X.
- ↑ Reviews of Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry:
- Lindstedt, Ilkka (2020-11-30). "Review of Nicolai SINAI, Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry". Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association. 5 (s1): 58–73. doi:10.1515/jiqsa-2020-06s106. ISSN 2474-8420.
- ↑ Reviews of Unlocking the Medinan Qur’an :
- Emmanuelle Stefanidis , “Nicolai Sinai (ed.), Unlocking the Medinan Qur'an ” , Critical Bulletin of the Annales Islamologiques [Online], 38 | 2024, Online since 14 April 2024 , connection on 03 August 2024 . URL : http://journals.openedition.org/bcai/4939; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/bcai.4939
- ↑ "Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
