The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon at the back of the lower leg, and is the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, and flexion at the knee.
A sprain is a soft tissue injury of the ligaments within a joint, often caused by a sudden movement abruptly forcing the joint to exceed its functional range of motion. Ligaments are tough, inelastic fibers made of collagen that connect two or more bones to form a joint and are important for joint stability and proprioception, which is the body's sense of limb position and movement. Sprains may be mild, moderate, or severe, with the latter two classes involving some degree of tearing of the ligament. Sprains can occur at any joint but most commonly occur in the ankle, knee, or wrist. An equivalent injury to a muscle or tendon is known as a strain.
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.
Achilles tendinitis, also known as Achilles tendinopathy, occurs when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes sore. Achilles tendinitis is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual.
Achilles tendon rupture is when the Achilles tendon, at the back of the ankle, breaks. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel. A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.
Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint which catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.
The inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot is a Y-shaped band placed in front of the ankle-joint, the stem of the Y being attached laterally to the upper surface of the calcaneus, in front of the depression for the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; it is directed medialward as a double layer, one lamina passing in front of, and the other behind, the tendons of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment using powerful acoustic pulses which is mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics.
The tibial malleolar sulcus, also known as the malleolar groove, is the smooth, vertical depression found on the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus. This groove is traversed by the tendons of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus muscles.
Kevin Robert Stone is an American physician, orthopedic surgeon, clinician, researcher, and company founder of The Stone Clinic and the Stone Research Foundation in San Francisco.
The Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published in English covering orthopaedic surgery, especially related to sports trauma and surgeries, in particular arthroscopies.
Ramon (Ramón) Cugat Bertomeu is a Spanish surgeon specializing in orthopedic surgery, orthopaedic sports medicine, and arthroscopy. Cugat's first venture into sports was as a member of the team of orthopedic surgeons during the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Since then, he has been bound to the Catalan Mutual Insurance of Football where he has operated on thousands of players from all categories most often the Association football players of FC Barcelona, among those being Pep Guardiola, Xavi, Samuel Eto'o, Andrés Iniesta, Carles Puyol, David Villa, Luis Suárez and Fernando Torres. He has also operated on multiple Manchester City players, including Benjamin Mendy, Ilkay Gundogan, David Silva, Kevin de Bruyne and Aymeric Laporte.
Alberto Gobbi is an Italian surgeon and researcher in orthopedics, traumatology and sports medicine known for his contributions in the fields of arthroscopic surgery, cartilage repair and regenerative medicine.
The International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) is an international medical society with around 4,000 members. The membership comprises mostly orthopaedic surgeons along with sports scientists, sports physicians and sports physical therapists. The members are from some 92 different countries and are members of their local orthopaedic sports medicine societies or similar associations. Members may also be associated with their global regional orthopaedic sports medicine society such as the Arthroscopy Association of North America, the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), the Asia-Pacific Knee, Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Society, the European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Artroscopia, Rodilla y Deporte in particular.
James David Forbes Calder is a British orthopaedic surgeon specialising in sporting injuries. He has built a reputation for treating foot and ankle injuries in top international athletes - soccer players from the English Premier League and European clubs including Paris St Germain, AC Milan, Barcelona FC, Real Madrid, Olympique de Marseille FC in addition to rugby players from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, GB Olympic teams, England and Indian cricket teams and UK Athletics.
Raymond Rocco Monto is a Board Certified orthopaedic surgeon with a practice on Nantucket, Massachusetts. Monto's work includes developments in sports medicine, Tennis elbow surgery, hip arthroscopy, platelet-rich plasma, and innovative orthobiologic treatments for chronic disorders including Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis. Monto lectures frequently in the United States and around the world.
Andrew "Andy" Michael Williams is a British knee and sports surgeon who specialises in ligament injuries. He is known for treating professional athletes, including Premier League footballers. and English Premiership rugby union players. Williams is a Reader at Imperial College London and co-founder of London musculoskeletal health centre Fortius Clinic. He was named in The Times’ 2011 list of Britain’s top surgeons.
Cyril Wayne McIlwraith is the founding director of the Orthopaedic Research Center, a University Distinguished Professor in orthopaedics and holds the Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedic Research at Colorado State University. He is a New Zealander who has had most of his career in the United States and is an equine orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic researcher. He pioneered many of the techniques in equine arthroscopic surgery including writing the textbook “Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse”. He is noted for significant achievements in the fields of osteoarthritis cartilage injury, regenerative therapies and contributions on understanding of joint pathology and repair, the development and validation of equine models of joint diseases, surgical technologies, intra-articular therapies, cartilage resurfacing, tissue engineering and gene therapies for osteoarthritis many of which have been or are translatable to human joint disease. He received the Marshall R. Urist Award for Excellence in Tissue Regeneration Research from the Orthopaedic Research Society in 2014 for these contributions as well as raising many generations of basic and clinical researchers in the field of orthopaedics.
Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma, more popularly known as G K Vishwakarma, was an eminent orthopedic surgeon, academician and public health administrator. He was the Director General of Health Services from October 1986 to his retirement in October 1992. He was awarded the Silver Jubilee Award (1983) and the Dr. B. C. Roy Award by Medical Council of India, The Government of India, in recognition of his contributions to the field of medicine and public health honored him with the Padma Shri (1985) one of India's highest civilian awards in India.
Victor Valderrabano is a Swiss orthopedic surgeon and traumatologist specializing in sports traumatology, osteoarthritis surgery and reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity.
