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Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the processing of information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations. Accounting measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.
An accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy. Accountants who have demonstrated competency through their professional associations' certification exams are certified to use titles such as Chartered Accountant, Chartered Certified Accountant or Certified Public Accountant, or Registered Public Accountant. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organization's financial statements, and may be held liable for professional misconduct. Non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations.
Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is the title of qualified accountants in numerous countries in the English-speaking world. It is generally equivalent to the title of chartered accountant in other English-speaking countries. In the United States, the CPA is a license to provide accounting services to the public. It is awarded by each of the 50 states for practice in that state. Additionally, all states except Hawaii have passed mobility laws to allow CPAs from other states to practice in their state. State licensing requirements vary, but the minimum standard requirements include passing the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination, 150 semester units of college education, and one year of accounting-related experience.
The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is the global professional management accounting body based in the UK. CIMA offers training and qualification in management accountancy and related subjects. It is focused on accountants working in industry and provides ongoing support and training for members.
Chartered accountants were the first accountants to form a professional accounting body, initially established in Scotland in 1854. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants (1854), the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries (1854) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants (1867) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception. The title is an internationally recognised professional designation; the certified public accountant designation is generally equivalent to it. Women were able to become chartered accountants only following the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 after which, in 1920, Mary Harris Smith was recognised by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and became the first woman chartered accountant in the world.
Founded in 1904, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants(ACCA) is the global professional accounting body offering the Chartered Certified Accountant qualification (ACCA). It has 240,952 members and 541,930 future members worldwide. ACCA's headquarters are in London with principal administrative office in Glasgow. ACCA works through a network of over 110 offices and centres in 51 countries - with 346 Approved Learning Partners (ALP) and more than 7,600 Approved Employers worldwide, who provide employee development.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is India's largest professional accounting body under the administrative control of Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory body under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 enacted by the Parliament for promotion, development and regulation of the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia was the professional accounting body representing Chartered Accountants in Australia before it merged with the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants to become Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand.
The International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB) is an independent organisation within the fold of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The board develops guidance to improve standards of education in accountancy. The two main areas of focus are the key elements of accreditation and the requirements of accountants for continuing professional education. The board also sponsors studies or papers about accounting education that promote discussion and debate on accounting education and development issues.
Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana is a professional accountancy organisation. It is the sole such organisation in Ghana with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation, and with the right to regulate the accountancy profession in Ghana. The Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) was established by an Act of Parliament, Act 170, in 1963.Act 170 was repealed in 2020 after the President of the Republic of Ghana assented to a new Act, Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Act, 2020, Act 1058. Members of the organisation are the only persons recognized under the Companies Code 1963, to pursue audits of company accounts in Ghana. It is governed by a council of eleven members who are chartered accountants. The council, headed by a president, holds office for a period of two years.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) is a professional accountancy body in Nigeria. It is one of the two professional accountancy associations with regulatory authority in Nigeria, the other being the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN). The relationship between the two organizations has been tense. In 2007 ICAN attempted to have a bill declaring ANAN void.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan is a professional accountancy body in Pakistan. It has over 10,000 members working locally and globally. The institute was established on July 1, 1961 to regulate the profession of accountancy in Pakistan. It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Chartered Accountants Ordinance, 1961. With the significant growth in the profession, the CA Ordinance and By-Laws were revised in 1983.
The Association of International Accountants (AIA) is a professional accountancy body. It was founded in the UK in 1928 and since that date has promoted the concept of ‘international accounting’ to create a global network of accountants in over 85 countries worldwide.
The Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN) is one of the two professional accountancy associations with regulatory authority in Nigeria, the other being the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN). A consultant offering financial services in Nigeria must be a member of either ANAN or ICAN.
The International Association for Accounting Education & Research (IAAER) is a non-profit organization that promotes excellence in accounting education and research. The organization also seeks to ensure that accounting academics make the maximum contribution to development of excellent accounting standards.
Nigerian College of Accountancy (NCA), is an educational institution in Jos, Nigeria established in 1994 that is operated by Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN).
The Association of Accountancy Bodies in West Africa (ABWA) is a regional organization of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). As of 2011 there were ten West African accounting institutes represented in ABWA.
The Liberian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (LICPA) is a professional association of accountants in Liberia.
Chartered Professional Accountant is the professional designation which united the three Canadian accounting designations that previously existed:
CPA Ireland, formerly the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Ireland, is one of the main Irish accountancy bodies, with 5,000 members and students.
References
- ↑ oloruntimilehin, olatunji (2011). reflections on the humanities in nigeria. Nimbe Adedipe Library: the nigerian academy of letters. p. 167. ISBN 978-9782451897.
- ↑ Abubakar Salisu (2011-03-30). "Advancement of Accountancy Profession in Nigeria: A Collaborative Effort of Practicing Accountants and the Academia" . Retrieved 2011-06-26.
- ↑ Nuruddeen Abba Abdullahi (October–December 2010). "Celebrating 50 Years Of Accountancy Profession In Nigeria" (PDF). Association of National Accountants of Nigeria . Retrieved 2011-06-26.
- ↑ Dhankar, Raj S. (2019-04-25). Capital Markets and Investment Decision Making. Springer. ISBN 978-81-322-3748-8.
- ↑ "Member Bodies". NASB. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ↑ "Prof. Mohammed Akaro Mainoma". The ICT University. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
- ↑ "Aruwa elected NAA president". www.dailytrust.com.ng. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21.
- ↑ "Executive Committee". www.iaaer.org.
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