The European Court of Justice (ECJ),formally just the Court of Justice,is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union,it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
The General Court,informally known as the European General Court (EGC),is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It hears actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states,although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice,but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009,it was known as the Court of First Instance.
The European Committee of the Regions (CoR) is the European Union's (EU) assembly of local and regional representatives that provides sub-national authorities with a direct voice within the EU's institutional framework.
Allan Viktor Johnsson Rosas is a Finnish jurist who served as a judge of the European Court of Justice from 2002 until 2019.
Hexabromocyclododecane is a brominated flame retardant. It consists of twelve carbon,eighteen hydrogen,and six bromine atoms tied to the ring. Its primary application is in extruded (XPS) and expanded (EPS) polystyrene foam used as thermal insulation in construction. Other uses are upholstered furniture,automobile interior textiles,car cushions and insulation blocks in trucks,packaging material,video cassette recorder housing,and electric and electronic equipment. According to UNEP,"HBCD is produced in China,Europe,Japan,and the USA. The known current annual production is approximately 28,000 tonnes per year. The main share of the market volume is used in Europe and China". Due to its persistence,toxicity,and ecotoxicity,the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants decided in May 2013 to list hexabromocyclododecane in Annex A to the convention with specific exemptions for production and use in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings. Because HBCD has 16 possible stereo-isomers with different biological activities,the substance poses a difficult problem for manufacture and regulation.
David O'Keeffe is an Irish lawyer. He is emeritus Professor of European Law,University of London,Senior Counsel of Dentons international law firm and a part-time European administrative law judge.
The Civil Mediation Council (CMC) is the recognised authority in England and Wales for all matters related to civil,commercial,workplace and other non-family mediation. It is the first point of contact for the Government,the judiciary,the legal profession and industry on mediation issues.
The primacy of European Union law is a legal principle establishing precedence of European Union law over conflicting national laws of EU member states.
Carl Baudenbacher is a Swiss jurist. He has served as a judge of the EFTA Court from September 1995 to April 2018 and was the court's president from 2003 to 2017. He was a full professor at the University of St. Gallen from 1987 to 2013 and a permanent visiting professor at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law from 1993 to 2004.
A preliminary ruling is a decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the interpretation of European Union law that is given in response to a request from a court or a tribunal of a member state. A preliminary ruling is a final determination of European Union law,with no scope for appeal. The ECJ hands down its decision to the referring court,which is then obliged to implement the ruling.
The judicial system of Sweden consists of the law of Sweden and a number of government agencies tasked with upholding security and rule of law within the country. The activities of these agencies include police and law enforcement,prosecution,courts,and prisons and other correctional services.
The European grid is a proposed,multipurpose Pan-European mapping standard. It is based on the ETRS89 coordinate reference system and the Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection,with the centre of the projection at the point 52°N,10°E and false easting:x0 = 4321000 m,false northing:y0 = 3210000 m .
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 of 16 September 1994 laying down quality standards for bananas,sometimes referred to in the media as the bendy banana law,is a European Union regulation specifying classification standards for bananas,which took effect on 1 January 1995. It was replaced by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1333/2011 of 19 December 2011 laying down marketing standards for bananas,rules on the verification of compliance with those marketing standards and requirements for notifications in the banana sector with effect as of 9 January 2012.
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the judicial branch of the European Union (EU). Seated in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City,Luxembourg,this EU institution consists of two separate courts:the Court of Justice and the General Court. From 2005 to 2016,it also contained the Civil Service Tribunal. It has a sui generis court system,meaning 'of its own kind',and is a supranational institution.
The European Union's Third Energy Package is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed by the European Commission in September 2007,and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. It entered into force on 3 September 2009.
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 282/2011 was adopted by the Council of the European Union on 15 March 2011. This was mainly because the terms and wording of Directive 2006/112/EC have been inconclusive in some cases. The Regulation provided new implementing measures for the VAT Directive. Especially due to the amendment of the VAT Directive itself and the consistent case-law of the European Court of Justice,the former Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 1777/2005 had to be recast and clarified in certain aspects. This Implementing Regulation became effective on 1 July 2011 and does not have to be transported into national legislation of the individual member states of the European Union and thus is directly applicable.
Directive on intra-EU-transfers of defence-related products is a European Union Directive with relevance for the European Economic Area. "Transfer" in this context means "any transmission or movement of a defence-related product from a supplier to a recipient in another Member State".
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission (2008) C-402/05 is a case concerning the hierarchy between international law and the general principles of EU law. It is also known as Kadi I to distinguish from a later related case,Kadi II (2013).
Gerard William Augustine Hogan,is an Irish judge,lawyer and academic who has served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ireland since October 2021. He previously served as Advocate General of the European Court of Justice from 2018 to 2021,a Judge of the Court of Appeal from 2014 to 2018 and a Judge of the High Court from 2010 to 2014. Hogan first worked as a barrister and lecturer in law specialising in constitutional and administrative law.
Jan M. Passer' is a Czech jurist. He has been a Judge at the European Court of Justice since 2016.
