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The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle —is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, FRS was a German-born British biologist, physician and biochemist. He was a pioneer scientist in the study of cellular respiration, a biochemical process in living cells that extracts energy from food and oxygen and makes it available to drive the processes of life. He is best known for his discoveries of two important sequences of chemical reactions that take place in the cells of humans and many other organisms, namely the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. The former, often eponymously known as the "Krebs cycle", is the key sequence of metabolic reactions that provides energy in the cells of humans and other oxygen-respiring organisms; and its discovery earned Krebs a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953. With Hans Kornberg, he also discovered the glyoxylate cycle, which is a slight variation of the citric acid cycle found in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi.
Krebs is the German and Danish word for "crab" and "cancer". It may refer to:
Edwin Gerhard Krebs was an American biochemist. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University in 1989 together with Alfred Gilman and, together with his collaborator Edmond H. Fischer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes.
John Richard Krebs, Baron Krebs, Kt FRS is an English zoologist researching in the field of behavioural ecology of birds. He was the principal of Jesus College, Oxford, from 2005 until 2015. Lord Krebs was President of the British Science Association from 2012 to 2013.
The reverse Krebs cycle is a sequence of chemical reactions that are used by some bacteria to produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by the use of energy-rich reducing agents as electron donors.
Willy Ovesen was a Norwegian civil servant.
Team Coop–Hitec Products is a professional women's cycling team based in Norway that competes in elite road bicycle racing events.
Nina Kessler is a Dutch racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Team BikeExchange–Jayco. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's team time trial in Florence. At the 2015 Dutch National Track Championships she became Dutch champion in the women's Madison together with Kirsten Wild. She won the points classification at the 2016 La Course by Le Tour de France.
Lensworld–Kuota is a former professional cycling team based in Belgium, which competed in elite road bicycle racing events such as the UCI Women's Road World Cup.
Nina Gulino is an Italian professional racing cyclist. She rides for the S.C. Michela Fanini Rox team.
The YF-115 is a Chinese liquid rocket engine burning LOX and kerosene in an oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle. A high efficiency/high thrust environmental friendly rocket engine was always an objective within Programme 863. Development began in the 2000s, along with its sibling, the bigger YF-100, which would power the LM-5, LM-6 and LM-7 boosters and first stages. Testing was directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. Development works are mainly carried out by the Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute. It will be used as upper stage engine for China's next generation of medium and light environmental-friendly launch vehicles, namely the Long March 6 and the Long March 7. During early 2012, the engine system successfully passed vacuum testing. It is China's first upper stage rocket engine to adopt the staged-combustion cycle.
Nina Marie Laughlin is an American professional racing cyclist who rode for Visit Dallas DNA Pro Cycling in 2015 and 2016.
Kirstie Klingenberg is a New Zealand track cyclist and former rower. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Women's sprint, and Women's team pursuit.
Ovesen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Pyruvate decarboxylation or pyruvate oxidation, also known as the link reaction, is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Nina Buijsman is a Dutch racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team Parkhotel Valkenburg. She rode for Parkhotel Valkenburg in the women's team time trial event at the 2018 UCI Road World Championships.
Eugene J. "Gene" Ovesen was an American curler from Superior, Wisconsin.
References
- ↑ "Nina Krebs Ovesen". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
