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Nowe Ateny(New Athens) is the abbreviated title of the first Polish-language encyclopedia, authored by the 18th-century Polish priest Benedykt Joachim Chmielowski. The first edition was published in 1745–1746 in Lwów (Lviv); the second edition was updated and expanded in 1754–1764.
The first part of the full title was: New Athens or the Academy full of all science, divided into subjects and classes, for the wise ones to record, for the idiots to learn, for the politicians to practice, for the melancholics to entertain issued... [note 1]
The book uses the Polish language as the main text, and primarily Latin for the in-line references. Chmielowski also included anecdotes in the text, and tales about strange and exotic topics.
The first edition of the encyclopedia contains 938 pages, organized by subject rather than alphabetically. Chmielowski compiled data from a few hundred references, dating from antiquity to his contemporary.
Almost every sentence in the book is in-line referenced, frequently in Latin, a lingua franca in Poland among the educated classes as in most of 18th century Central and Western Europe. Chmielowski added personal annotations as well; for example, "Dragons existed for sure, I myself held, visiting Radziwills' castle, a rib of a dragon bigger than a regular sabre". Judging from the inclusion of numerous stories, anecdotes, and descriptions of strange phenomena and exotic countries (like China and Japan), the encyclopedia was directed towards a rather popular audience and aimed to arouse readers' curiosity and desire for learning.
The encyclopedia was a controversial topic during the Enlightenment period. Some critics argued that it was a waste of time and money, and that it would only serve to spread ignorance and superstition. Others argued that it was a dangerous tool that could be used to challenge authority and traditional beliefs.
Nowe Ateny is the source of a few memorable and amusing "definitions", often quoted in Poland to this day:
The humor was probably unintentional by the author.[ citation needed ] Rather, he did not see the benefit of defining the most common animals of the time and place for his intended audience. Furthermore, the entry for "Horse" does contain more detailed exposition beyond the initial "definition". [1]
In modern Polish, the above definition of the horse is sometimes used as a colorful equivalent of the statement "the concept is more obvious than it appears to be from its more technical definition".
In the last few decades, opinions about Nowe Ateny have changed for the positive. The quotations above are fragments taken from a broader context. For example, Chmielowski wrote more than 15 pages about the horses in his monumental, 3000-page encyclopedia (four volumes). [2] [3] [4]
Wojciech Kilar was a Polish classical and film music composer. One of his greatest successes came with his score to Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1992, which received the ASCAP Award and the nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Music. In 2003, he won the César Award for Best Film Music written for The Pianist, for which he also received a BAFTA nomination.
Ignacy Błażej Franciszek Krasicki, from 1766 Prince-Bishop of Warmia and from 1795 Archbishop of Gniezno, was Poland's leading Enlightenment poet, a critic of the clergy, Poland's La Fontaine, author of the first Polish novel, playwright, journalist, encyclopedist, and translator from French and Greek.
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The Polish hip hop scene was born in the early 1990s, due to the popularity of American rap. Nevertheless, rap style in Polish music has its deep roots in the 1980s Polish punk rock, alternative rock, disco and funk music.
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Lutsk is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has a population of 220,986. Historically it was a cultural and religious center in Volhynia.
The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces.
Benedykt Joachim Chmielowski (1700–1763) was a Polish priest who wrote Nowe Ateny, the first Polish-language encyclopedia. It was first published in 1745-46; the second edition was supplemented between 1754 and 1764.
Polish opera may be broadly understood to include operas staged in Poland and works written for foreign stages by Polish composers, as well as opera in the Polish language.
Kazimierz Franciszek Vetulani was a Polish civil engineer, professor at the Lviv Polytechnic, member of the Polish Mathematical Society, author of several dozen papers in the fields of technology and mathematics, as well as in the field of musical scale theory.
Wojciech Lucjan Paszyński is a Polish historian specializing in the history of science.
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"Paradisus Judaeorum" is a Latin phrase which became one of four components of a 19th-century Polish-language proverb that described the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) as "heaven for the nobility, purgatory for townspeople, hell for peasants, paradise for Jews."
Zuzanna Irena Grabowska, known professionally as sanah, is a Polish singer, songwriter, violinist, and composer. She received nationwide popularity in 2020, with the release of her single "Szampan", which became a number one hit in Poland. She later released her debut studio album Królowa dram (2020), which peaked at number one in Poland. She has gone on to release three further studio albums: Irenka (2021), Uczta (2022), and Sanah śpiewa poezyje (2022), all of which peaked at number one in Poland, and were certified diamond by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. She released her fifth studio album Kaprysy on 14 June 2024.
Maria Zandbang was a Polish equestrian. She and her mother pioneered women's participation in horse riding as a sport in Poland. She held the record in the high jump for women's sidesaddle from 1926 into the 21st century.
Adam Gorczyński was a Polish writer and poet of the Romantic era, author of popular novels in the style of gawęda szlachecka and Old Polish silvae rerum, a painter of the Polish Romantic era, an artist of Polish landscapes, co-founder of the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts, politically engaged in Polish affairs in Galicia, a social activist, and owner of estates in Brzeźnica and Marcyporęba. He used the literary pseudonym "Jadam of Zator". In the 21st century, he became the patron of cultural initiatives in his hometown of Brzeźnica.
6 Sierpnia Street is located in the western part of the Śródmieście district and the eastern part of the Polesie district in Łódź, with a length of approximately 2 km (1.2 mi). It starts at the intersection with Piotrkowska Street and runs almost parallel to the equator to the intersection with Lucjan Żeligowski Street, and then southwest to the intersection with Włókniarzy Avenue. Its eastern extension, across Piotrkowska Street, is Romuald Traugutt Street. The name of the street commemorates the date of the departure of the First Cadre Company in 1914.
Klerykal fiction is a term for a subgenre of Polish fantasy and science fiction and broader religious fiction that addresses Christian themes. The term was coined in the early 1990s.
Wielka, większa i największa is a Polish science fiction young adult novel by Jerzy Broszkiewicz, published in 1960 by Nasza Księgarnia.