Old man's beard in New Zealand

Last updated
Old man's beard smothering a Cordyline australis (cabbage tree) on the Port Hills in Christchurch. Clematis vitalba smothering a Cordyline australis.jpg
Old man's beard smothering a Cordyline australis (cabbage tree) on the Port Hills in Christchurch.

Old man's beard ( Clematis vitalba ) is an invasive plant in New Zealand that affects indigenous biodiversity. It is declared an unwanted organism under the Biosecurity Act 1993 which means it cannot be sold, distributed or propagated.

<i>Clematis vitalba</i> species of plant

Clematis vitalba is a shrub of the Ranunculaceae family.

Invasive species Organism occurring in a new habitat

An invasive species is a species that is not native to a specific location, and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health.

New Zealand Country in Oceania

New Zealand is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, and the South Island —and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland.

Contents

Spread

Old man's beard was introduced into New Zealand as an ornamental plant some time before 1922 and the Department of Conservation and other government organisations now spend millions of dollars on its control. [1] The seeds are wind-borne on a fluffy boll and can remain on the vine over the winter months. The seeds are most likely to germinate on disturbed ground where the light level is more than 5% of full sunlight. It is more common outside undisturbed forests on forest and stream margins and forest gaps. [2]

Department of Conservation (New Zealand) New Zealand government agency

The Department of Conservation (DOC) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with the conservation of New Zealand's natural and historical heritage.

Impact

Old man's beard is a climber that will smother established trees and forms a dense canopy that stops sunlight reaching the soil surface. This affects the health of the existing vegetation and prevents the germination of all other species. [3]

Control

Various methods are used to control the plant including mechanical removal, herbicides and biological control. Large vines can be cut at ground level and a herbicide gel applied to prevent sprouting. Trailing vines must be removed since they can re-sprout, and small plants can be uprooted. [4] Biological control agents have been trialled. [1]

A public service campaign highlighting the threat of old man's beard was carried out by the Department of Conservation in the 1980s using the British naturalist David Bellamy as the spokesperson. [5]

David Bellamy English professor, botanist, author, broadcaster and environmental campaigner

David James Bellamy is an English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist. He has lived in County Durham since 1960.

See also

Invasive species in New Zealand Wikimedia list article

A number of introduced species, some of which have become invasive species, have been added to New Zealand's native flora and fauna. Both deliberate and accidental introductions have been made from the time of the first human settlement, with several waves of Polynesian people at some time before the year 1300, followed by Europeans after 1769.

Biodiversity of New Zealand

The biodiversity of New Zealand, a large island nation located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, is varied and distinctive accumulated over many millions of years as lineages evolved in the local circumstances. New Zealand's pre-human biodiversity exhibited high levels of species endemism, but has experienced episodes of biological turnover. Global extinction approximately 65 Ma ago resulted in the loss of fauna such as non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and marine reptiles e.g. mosasaurs, elasmosaurs and plesiosaurs. The ancient fauna is not well known, but at least one species of terrestrial mammal existed in New Zealand around 19 Ma ago. For at least several Ma before the arrival of human and commensal species, the islands had no terrestrial mammals except for bats and seals, the main component of the terrestrial fauna being insects and birds. Recently—since c. 1300 CE—a component has been introduced by humans, including many terrestrial mammals.

Gardening in New Zealand

Gardening is a popular pastime in New Zealand and a range of books, magazines and television programmes are dedicated to the topic.

Related Research Articles

Weed control

Weed control is the botanical component of pest control, which attempts to stop weeds, especially noxious or injurious weeds, from competing with desired flora and fauna, this includes domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings, it includes stopping non local species competing with native, local, species, especially so in reserves and heritage areas.

<i>Bromus tectorum</i> species of plant

Bromus tectorum, known as drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a winter annual grass native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, but has become invasive in many other areas. It now is present in most of Europe, southern Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, North America and Asia. In the eastern US B. tectorum is common along roadsides and as a crop weed, but usually does not dominate an ecosystem. It has become a dominant species in the Intermountain West and parts of Canada, and displays especially invasive behavior in the sagebrush steppe ecosystems where it has been listed as a noxious weed. B. tectorum often enters the site in an area that has been disturbed, and then quickly expands into the surrounding area through its rapid growth and prolific seed production.

<i>Salix fragilis</i> species of plant

Salix fragilis, with the common names crack willow and brittle willow, is a species of willow native to Europe and Western Asia. It is native to riparian habitats, usually found growing beside rivers and streams, and in marshes and water meadow channels.

Old man's beard may refer to the following species:

<i>Coprosma robusta</i> species of plant

Coprosma robusta, commonly known as karamu, is a flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It can survive in many climates, but is most commonly found in coastal areas, lowland forests, or shrublands. Karamu can grow to be around 6 meters tall, and grow leaves up to 12 centimeters long. Karamu is used for a variety of purposes in human culture. The fruit that karamu produces can be eaten, and the shoots of karamu are sometimes used for medical purposes.

<i>Verbascum thapsus</i> A species of mullein in the family Scrophulariaceae native to Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia

Verbascum thapsus, the great mullein or common mullein, is a species of mullein native to Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia.

<i>Passiflora tarminiana</i> species of plant

Passiflora tarminiana is a species of passionfruit. The yellow fruits are edible and their resemblance to small, straight bananas has given it the name banana passionfruit in some countries. It is native to the uplands of tropical South America and is now cultivated in many countries. In Hawaii and New Zealand it is now considered an invasive species. It was given the name banana passionfrui in New Zealand, where passionfruit are also prevalent. In Hawaii, it is called banana poka. In its Latin American homeland, it is known as curuba, curuba de Castilla, or curuba sabanera blanca (Colombia); taxo, tacso, tagso, tauso (Ecuador); parcha, taxo (Venezuela), tumbo or curuba (Bolivia); tacso, tumbo, tumbo del norte, trompos, tintin or purpur (Peru).

<i>Chrysanthemoides monilifera</i> species of plant

Chrysanthemoides monilifera is an evergreen flowering shrub or small tree, usually with woolly, dull, serrate, oval leaves, but with glossy round leaves in the subsp. rotundata, belonging to the Asteraceae (daisy) family. It is native to South Africa, such as the Cape Flats Dune Strandveld habitat.

<i>Libertia</i> genus of plants

{{taxobox |name =Libertia |image =Libertia grandiflora.JPG |image_caption =Libertia grandiflora |regnum =Plantae |ordo =Asparagales |familia =Iridaceae |genus =Libertia |genus_authority =Spreng. 1824, conserved name not Dumort. 1822 nor Lej. 1825 |unranked_divisio =Angiosperms |unranked_classis =Monocots |subfamilia =Iridoideae |tribus =Sisyrinchieae |synonyms=*TekelAdans.

<i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i> species of plant

Clematis ligusticifolia is a climbing, spreading vine with showy flowers. It is also known as Old-man's Beard and Yerba de Chiva, and Virgin's bower,. It is native to North America where it is widespread across the western United States in streamside thickets, wooded hillsides, and coniferous forests up to 4,000 feet.

<i>Lantana camara</i> species of plant

Lantana camara is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. Other common names of L. camara include big-sage (Malaysia),GhaneriMarathi: घाणेरी(Maharashtra-India) wild-sage, red-sage, white-sage (Caribbean), tickberry, West Indian lantana, and umbelanterna.

<i>Cynanchum louiseae</i> species of plant

Cynanchum louiseae, a species in the milkweed family, is also known as black swallow-wort, Louise's swallow-wort, or black dog-strangling vine. Cynanchum louiseae is a species of plant that is native to Europe and is found primarily in Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain. It is an invasive plant species in the northeastern United States, parts of the Midwest, southeastern Canada, and California.

Gorse in New Zealand

Gorse was introduced to New Zealand in the early stages of European settlement. It is now a major invasive plant species with millions of dollars spent on its control.

<i>Myrsine australis</i> species of plant

Myrsine australis, commonly known as red matipo, māpou, māpau, tīpau, and mataira, is a species of shrub within the family Myrsinaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand, found throughout both the mainland and offshore islands.

<i>Clematis aristata</i> species of plant

Clematis aristata, known as Australian clematis, wild clematis, goat's beard or old man's beard, is a climbing shrub of the Ranunculaceae family, found in eastern Australia in dry and wet forests of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. In spring to early summer it produces mass displays of attractive star-shaped flowers usually borne in short panicles with each flower up to 70 mm diameter and possessing four narrow white or cream tepals. Fertile male and female reproductive structures occur in flowers of separate plants (dioecy) making this species an obligate outcrosser with pollen movement among plants most likely facilitated by insects. Each seed head on female plants consists of multiple achenes with each seed bearing a plumose awn 2–4.5 cm long promoting dispersal by wind.

<i>Dipogon lignosus</i> species of plant

Dipogon lignosus, the okie bean, Cape sweet-pea, dolichos pea or mile-a-minute vine, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is the only species classified in the monotypic genus Dipogon which belongs to the subfamily Faboideae.

Phoma clematidina is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of Clematis. Symptoms of infection include leaf spotting, wilting of leaves, stems or the whole plant and internal blackening of the stem, often at soil level. Infected plants growing in containers may also develop root rot.

References

  1. 1 2 Gourlay, A.H.; Wittenberg, R.L.; Hill, A.G.; S.V.Fowler (2000). "The Biological Control Programme against Clematis vitalba in New Zealand". Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Montana State University: 709–718.
  2. Bungard, R.A.; Daly, G.T.; McNiel, D.L.; Jones, A.V.; Morton, J.D. (1997). "Clematis vitalba in a New Zealand native forest remnant: does seed germination explain distribution?". New Zealand Journal of Botany. The Royal Society of New Zealand. 35: 525–534. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1987.10410176.
  3. Ogle, C. C.; G. D. Cock; G. Arnold; N. Mickleson (2000). "Impact of an exotic vine Clematis vitalba (F. Ranunculaceae) and of control measures on plant biodiversity in indigenous forest., Taihape., New Zealand". Austral Ecology. 25 (5): 539–551. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2000.tb00059.x. ISSN   1442-9985.
  4. "Old Man's Beard" (PDF). fact sheet. Auckland Regional Council. October 1999. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  5. "NZ On Screen - Old Man's Beard Must Go". 1989. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

Further reading

Regional Council information