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| Author | Frederick Buechner |
|---|---|
| Publisher | HarperCollins |
Publication date | 1997 |
| Preceded by | The Son of Laughter |
| Followed by | The Storm |
On the Road with the Archangel is the thirteenth novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. The novel was first published in 1997 by Harper, San Francisco.
Privy to the lives of all humans, whose prayers he carries from their mouths into the presence of God, the Archangel Raphael enters into the worlds of two insignificant households: the family of Tobit, and the family of Raguel.
The ageing Tobit and his wife Anna, who have been exiled in Nineveh, are almost overwhelmed by the turns that their life together has taken. Tasked with oversight of a commercial enterprise owned by the King of Assyria, Sargon II, Tobit is able to provide a comfortable life for his family. Not content to lie low in this foreign and dangerous land, however, the merchant makes the life of his family precarious by his nightly activities. When the King and his murderous son, Sennacherib, leave the corpses of Jews out in the streets or on refuse tips, Tobit rescues the bodies and facilitates a proper burial. Returning from one such nocturnal mission, Tobit falls asleep in his own courtyard. While he is sleeping a sparrow defecates on his face, and when he wakes it is to find that he is blind. Where he once saved the bodies of his fellow Jews and gave the poor among them money, now Tobit is reduced to a life of angry passivity, while his exasperated wife is forced to take up sewing for prosperous families of the neighbourhood.
The lives of Raguel, his wife, Edna, and his daughter, Sarah, are no less unfortunate. Afraid of arranged marriage and the ‘embrace of a virtual stranger’, [1] the beautiful young Sarah has made a Faust-like pact with a demon named Asmodeus. Edna’s zeal to have her daughter married ensures that she is approached by many men, all of whom desire her hand. Each new husband is found dead in the morning, and, by the time the number has risen to seven, she is suicidal with regret. Ecbatana, their hometown, is filled with suspicious chatter, and Sarah’s reputation, and with it the reputation of her family, has been shattered. Her prayer to the Almighty that he might end her life coincides with Tobit’s prayer that God might do the same, and it is Raphael who carries their morbid requests into the presence of God.
Convinced that God will answer his macabre prayer, Tobit begins preparations for an imminent death. Chief among those he must make ready for this eventuality is his son, Tobias, who has ‘always been somewhat slower to understand things than most people’. [2] For the preservation of the household, Tobit insists that his son must set out on a journey to the home of an old friend, Gabael, in far-off Media, with whom the crafty old merchant has hidden two sacks of silver. As Tobias sets out on the road he is met by a stranger, Azarias, who is mysteriously well acquainted with both with Media and Gabael. Unbeknown to Tobias, his new companion is the Archangel Raphael, who has taken it upon himself to step down into the material world in order to bring about a reversal in fortune for this beleaguered family.
Before long, the disguised archangel realises the wisdom of his decision to join Tobias. While Azarias fishes in the Tigris for their supper one evening, his naïve companion, who has taken to swimming in the deep water, becomes embroiled in a life and death struggle with a large fish. Following the fight, in which Tobias himself is nearly killed, Azarias directs him to remove the innards from the great fish, and stow them away in a bag, claiming that they might have some future use. As the two travellers enter Ecbatana, Azarias informs Tobias of his plan to see the young man married to Sarah, the beautiful daughter of a friend of his named Raguel. Despite his initial fear of the proposition, having heard tale of Sarah and her husbands, Tobias agrees to enter into the marriage contract. Azarias’s suggestion that the bridegroom burn some of the fish entrails before heading into the bridal chamber results in the final defeat of Asmodeus, who is overpowered by the smoke and sent fleeing from the scene. The family rejoice in the morning when they find the newlyweds alive and happy.
When Azarias, who has been despatched to Media by Tobias, returns with Tobit’s silver in hand, the new couple begin their journey back to Nineveh. Tobit and Anna, who have begun to fear that their son has met his death, are transported by joy at his return with his new wife. Once more at the direction of Azarias, Tobias makes use of his fermented fish entrails, rubbing them on the eyes of his blind father. The miraculous return of Tobit’s sight is cause for further joy, and the novel closes as Raphael privately reveals his true identity to Tobias, encouraging him as he departs to continue in his father’s charitable ways.
Buechner scholar Dale Brown describes On the Road with the Archangel as ‘a kind of valedictory piece’, [3] an ‘encore visit to several of Buechner’s concerns – theories of God, notions of grace and forgiveness, the weightiness of guilt, and the need for acceptance’. [4] Buechner’s return to a first-person narrator, in the form of the Archangel Raphael, is marked by a difference in tone and perspective. Whereas doubt-filled prior narrators, in describing the lives and actions of their God-struck fellow-travellers, have given expression to the scepticism of the reader, the Archangel who ‘pass[es] in and out of the presence of the Holy One’ [5] cannot be a repository for doubt. Rather than using his narrator as a means of voicing scepticism, Buechner’s archangel comments on, and relays, the doubts of the other characters, offering statements about the nature of God with a gentle, authoritative confidence. With this new narrative voice the author is able to present a perspective on theological questions concerning suffering, and God’s goodness and sovereignty that is unique to his previous novels.
On the Road with the Archangel was published four years after the release of Buechner’s twelfth novel, The Son of Laughter (1993). In the intervening years the author published a single collection of essays, reflections, and poetry, titled The Longing for Home: recollections and reflections (1996). Buechner’s dedication of the anthology to his five grandsons reveals the author’s transition into a new phase of life, as does the dedication at the opening of On the Road with the Archangel, which reads: ‘To the memory of James Merrill, who spoke with archangels, and a friendship of fifty-five years’. [6] Merrill, a Pulitzer Prize winning poet, had died in 1995. A childhood friend of Buechner’s, as young men the two writers had spent the summer of 1948 writing together. Merrill even contributing a line to Buechner's first novel, A Long Day’s Dying (1950). Concerning the inspiration for the novel, in an interview given to the San Diego Weekly Reader the author said:
I had my seventieth birthday two summers ago, and I began thinking about things people write when they get to be old codgers. I thought about Shakespeare. I thought about how at the end of his life he wrote these wonderful sort of fairy tale plays like The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale, and everything ends up wonderfully, and it’s sort of too good not to be true. I cast about for something like that kind of fairy tale, and something drew me to the Book of Tobit, which I’d read before, and I’d decided it was not my thing. But all of a sudden it was. It would be my sort of Tempest or Winter’s Tale. [7]
Buechner’s novelisation of the Book of Tobit is anticipated in his meditations on the figure of Tobias in earlier works. Originally published in Peculiar Treasures: a Biblical who’s who (1979), and subsequently republished in Listening to Your Life: daily meditations with Frederick Buechner (1992), and Beyond Words: daily readings in the ABC’s of faith (2004), the author’s reflections reveal a sustained fascination with the story of Tobias: '[T]he best part of the story is the short, no-nonsense prayer with which he married her. "And now I take not this my sister for lust, but in truth," he said. "Command that I and she may find mercy and grow old together. Amen" (Tobit 8:8- 9). Never has the knot been more securely or simply or eloquently tied.' [8]
On the Road with the Archangel was well received by reviewers in both the Washington Post and New York Times . Writing for the former, George Garrett concluded that the novel ‘sings and dances’, and that the author is ‘as good as we have’. [9] In his New York Times review of the novel, Alfred Corn found that Buechner’s latest work ‘works to justify the ways of God to man by implying that adversities are sometimes remedied, and that curses can never rival the steadying power given us when we praise being’. He continues:
This clergyman can tell a story that has a theological dimension without sounding sanctimonious or trite, partly because his writing style is based on contemporary speech and partly because his turn of mind is ironic, unsentimental. He's been able to update Mark Twain's sense of comedy, so that his books, no matter how exotic the setting or characters, always sound idiomatically American. [10]
Buechner scholar Dale Brown judged the style of the novel to be innovative, writing that it has ‘a fairy-tale quality that is new in Buechner, a lightness that seems a break from the three preceding novels’. [11] Despite this apparent break in style from his previous works, Brown was also careful to note the thematic continuity within Buechner’s novels of the decade: 'Buechner’s work of the mid-1990s continues his preoccupation with infusing the old stories with new vitality, wondering about the lives of near-saints, studying ambiguity, admitting mixed feelings, and exploring still the flow between memoir and fiction.' [12]
In her review published in America, Patricia DeLeeuw pointed out that, again, here Buechner had found ‘his favourite theme in an ancient source’, [13] while David Stewart, writing for Christianity Today , suggested that Buechner’s ‘distinctive gift lies in giving voice to the streak of ambiguity that runs through human existence’. Stewart concludes that: ‘amid the ambiguity that is our lot, the Almighty is at work, quietly and profoundly’. [14] In a review written for the San Diego Weekly Reader Judith Moore concurs with this sentiment, writing that On the Road with the Archangel makes the reader ‘want to fall on your knees and kiss the damp earth, you’re just so glad to be alive’. [15]
Carl Frederick Buechner was an American author, Presbyterian minister, preacher, and theologian. The author of thirty-nine published books, his career spanned more than six decades and encompassed many different genres. He wrote novels, including Godric, A Long Day's Dying and The Book of Bebb, his memoirs, including The Sacred Journey, and theological works, such as Secrets in the Dark, The Magnificent Defeat, and Telling the Truth.
Archangels are the second-lowest rank of angel in the Christian hierarchy of angels, put forward by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in the 5th or 6th century in his book De Coelesti Hierarchia. The word "archangel" itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of other religious traditions.
The Book of Tobit, also known as the Book of Tobias, is a 3rd or early 2nd century BC work describing how God tests the faithful, responds to prayers, and protects the covenant community. It tells the story of two Israelite families, that of the blind Tobit in Nineveh and of the abandoned Sarah in Ecbatana. Tobit's son Tobias is sent to retrieve ten silver talents that Tobit once left in Rages, a town in Media; guided and aided by the angel Raphael he arrives in Ecbatana, where he meets Sarah. A demon named Asmodeus has fallen in love with her and kills anyone she intends to marry, but with the aid of Raphael the demon is exorcised and Tobias and Sarah marry, after which they return to Nineveh, where Tobit is cured of his blindness.
Asmodeus or Ashmedai is a king of demons in the legends of Solomon and constructing Solomon's Temple.
Raphael is an archangel first mentioned in the Book of Tobit and in 1 Enoch, both estimated to date from between the 3rd and 2nd century BCE. In later Jewish tradition, he became identified as one of the three heavenly visitors entertained by Abraham at the Oak of Mamre. He is not named in either the New Testament or the Quran, but later Christian tradition identified him with healing and as the angel who stirred waters in the Pool of Bethesda in John 5:2–4, and in Islam, where his name is Israfil, he is understood to be the unnamed angel of Quran 6:73, standing eternally with a trumpet to his lips, ready to announce the Day of Judgment. In Gnostic tradition, Raphael is represented on the Ophite Diagram.
The concept of Seven Archangels is found in some works of early Jewish literature and in Christianity. In those texts, they are referenced as the angels who serve God directly.
Tobias and the Angel, described by its composer as a "church opera", is a community opera in one act by Jonathan Dove, with a libretto by David Lan. It premiered on 7 July 1999 in London at Christ Church Highbury. The story is based on the Book of Tobit from the Biblical apocrypha.
Tobias and the Angel is an oil and tempera painting on poplar panel by the Florentine Renaissance painter Filippino Lippi, dating from c. 1475–1480. It is housed in the National Gallery of Art of Washington, DC.
The Book of Bebb is a tetralogy of novels by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. Published in 1971 by Atheneum, New York, Lion Country is the first in the Book of Bebb series. It was followed by Open Heart (1972), Love Feast (1974), and Treasure Hunt (1977). In 1972 Lion Country was named a finalist in the National Book Award for Fiction. The Book of Bebb is an edited single volume edition containing the four novels, and it was published by Atheneum, New York, in 1979.
A Pleasant Ballad of Tobias is an English broadside ballad from the late 17th century. It is based on the story of Tobias from The Book of Tobit, one of the Apocrypha from the Dead Sea Scrolls. It tells the story of a young man, Tobias, who travels to Media to reclaim a debt from his father's friend, Gabael. He is accompanied by a guiding angel, Azarius. In the Book of Tobit, it is revealed that Azarius is actually the archangel Raphael. Azarius sets up a match between Tobias and Gabael's daughter, Sarah. Sarah has already had seven husbands, all of whom were killed by an evil spirit who is in love with her and won't allow any man to become her husband. Azarius uses the holy spirit to destroy the evil spirit's curse, and Sarah and Tobias are happily married. It is sung to a "pleasant new tune." Copies of the ballad can be found at the University of Glasgow library and the National Library of Scotland.
Brendan is the eleventh novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. It was first published in 1987 by Atheneum, New York, and it won the Christianity and Literature Book Award for Belles-Lettres in the same year.
The Son of Laughter is the twelfth novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. The novel was first published in 1993 by Harper, San Francisco. In the same year it was named ‘Book of the Year’ by the Conference on Christianity and Literature.
The Storm is the fourteenth novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. The novel was first published in 1998 by Harper, San Francisco.
The Seasons’ Difference is the second novel of American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. It was published in 1952 by Alfred A. Knopf.
The Final Beast is the fourth novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. It was first published in 1965 by Atheneum, New York.
Now and Then: a memoir of vocation (1983), is the second of four partial autobiographies written by Frederick Buechner. Published in 1983, the work describes the author's life from his conversion to Christianity in 1953, at the age of twenty-seven, up to his residency in Vermont at the age of fifty-seven.
Telling Secrets: a memoir (1991), is the third of four partial autobiographies written by Frederick Buechner. Published in 1991, the work considers in depth several scenes and events from the author's life, from his father’s suicide through to his time spent as a visiting professor at Wheaton College.
Tobias' Journey is an oil-on-panel painting by Flemish artist Joos de Momper. The painting showcases Momper's large scale, imaginary landscape painting and his interpretation of perspective in distant views while at the same time treating a biblical subject. The painting depicts the story of Tobit, a righteous Israelite of the tribe of Naphtali, living in Nineveh, who is sent to recover is father's money to Media, escorted by the Archangel Raphael. The painting is currently housed at the Rockox House in Antwerp.
Tobit and Anna with the Kid, also titled Tobit Accusing Anna of Stealing the Kid, and Tobit Praying for Death, is an early oil painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Rembrandt, signed and dated 1626. It is now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
Anna and the Blind Tobit, also titled Blind Tobit and his Wife, is a c. 1630 oil painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Rembrandt, and perhaps his pupil, Gerrit Dou. The picture hangs in room 22 of the National Gallery in London.