Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776) | |||||||||
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Part of the Ottoman–Persian Wars | |||||||||
Karim Khan Zand with the Ottoman envoy Vehbi Efendi. | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
Southern Persian Military, Zandieh Regiments | Unknown | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Unknown | Unknown |
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1775–1776 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand dynasty of Persia. The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, [4] invaded southern Iraq [5] and after besieging Basra for a year, took the city from the Ottomans in 1776. [6] The Ottomans, unable to send troops, were dependent on the Mamluk governors to defend that region.
The Ottoman Empire, historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.
The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty of Lak a branch of Lurs origin founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran, as well as Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and parts of Iraq and Armenia.
Sadeq Khan Zand, also known as Mohammad Sadeq, was the fifth Shah of the Zand dynasty from August 22, 1779 until March 14, 1781.
In an attempt to raise troops and provisions for this war, Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I, made Suleiman al-Jalili mubayaaci (official of provisions), ordering him to send provisions to Baghdad, which he ignored, instead he restricted merchants from selling their goods. [7] As a result, the Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha, [8] retook the city, following Karim Khan's death. [9]
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2016, is approximately 8,765,000, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and the second largest city in Western Asia.
Basra is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab between Kuwait and Iran. It had an estimated population of 2.5 million in 2012. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is handled at the port of Umm Qasr.
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, better known as Karim Khan Zand, was the founder of the Zand Dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran (Persia) except for Khorasan. He also ruled over some Caucasian lands and occupied Basra for some years.
The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. From the early 16th century, according to the 1555 Peace of Amasya, these two kingdoms were under Iranian control. In 1744, Nader Shah granted the kingship of Kartli to Teimuraz II and that of Kakheti to his son Heraclius II, as a reward for their loyalty. When Nader Shah died in 1747, Teimuraz II and Heraclius II capitalized on the instability in Iran proper, and declared de facto independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Heraclius succeeded him as ruler of Kartli, thus unifying the two.
Shahrokh Mirza Afshar, better known by his dynastic name of Shahrokh Shah, was a king of the Afsharid dynasty and a contemporary of the Zand kings.
The Zand tribe was a tribe of Lak origin, a branch of Lurs who may have been originally Kurdish, though there isn't enough evidence to suggest such a thing as fact. The Zands were concentrated on the villages of Pari and Kamazan in the Malayer district, but were also found roaming in the central Zagros ranges and the countryside of Hamadan.
Abol-Fath Khan Zand was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.
Ali-Morad Khan Zand the sixth Shah of the Zand dynasty, reigned from March 15, 1781 until February 11, 1785.
Mohammad Ali Khan Zand was the second shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779 until June 19, 1779.
Sayed Morad Khan, was a Shah of Iran who reigned from January 23, 1789 until May 10, 1789. He was the eighth king of the Zand dynasty. His brief reign is indicative of the ruthless and brutal struggle for power that prevailed among members of the Zand family following the death of Karim Khan Zand in 1779.
Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar, also spelled Muhammad and Hassan (1722–1759), chief of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajar tribe of Turkomans in the Caspian coastlands around Astarabad, was the son of Fath Ali Khan and the father of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who founded the Qajar dynasty of Iran.
Abu'l-Fath Khan Bakhtiari was the Bakhtiari supreme chieftain (ilkhani) of the Haft Lang branch.
Abu Torab, better known by his dynastic name of Ismail III (اسماعیل), was a Safavid prince, who reigned as a figurehead under the authority of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari briefly from 1750 to 1751, and then under the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand from 1751 till his death in 1773.
Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari was the Bakhtiari supreme chieftain (ilkhani) of the Chahar Lang branch, and major contender for supremacy in western Iran after the death of Nader Shah in 1747.
Shaykh Ali Khan Zand was a Zand nobleman, who was a close associate and prominent lieutenant of his cousin Karim Khan Zand. However, he later clashed with the latter, who had him blinded. He afterwards lived the rest of his life as an honored representative of the court, until a civil war occurred after Karim Khan's death in 1779, where Shaykh Ali Khan was killed by his cousin, Zaki Khan Zand.
Hossein Qoli Khan Qajar was the Qajar chieftain of the Qoyunlu branch from 1759 till his death in 1777.
Akbar Khan Zand was an Iranian prince from the Zand dynasty, who played a lively and vicious role in the fratricidal power conflict that took place after the death of Karim Khan Zand in 1779.
Hedayat-Allah Khan was a Gilaki prince, who was the semi-independent ruler of Gilan from 1753 to 1782.
Hajji Lotf-Ali Beg Azar Bigdeli, better known as Azar Bigdeli, was an Iranian anthologist and poet. He is principally known for his biographical anthology, the Atashkadeh-e Azar, which he dedicated to Iranian ruler Karim Khan Zand. Written in Persian, it is considered "the most important Persian anthology of the eighteenth century". Azar was a leading figure of the bazgasht-e adabi movement.
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. It also holds letters patent as the Queen's Printer.
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.
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