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The politics of Turkmenistan nominally takes place in the framework of a presidential republic,whereby the President of Turkmenistan is nominally both head of state and head of government. However,as of 21 January 2023 a "national leader" was appointed who chairs an independent People's Council (viz.) with authority to amend the constitution,and who exercises supreme political authority. No true opposition parties are allowed;every registered political party supports the third and current President Serdar Berdimuhamedow. The country is frequently described as a totalitarian state.
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest,Uzbekistan to the north,east and northeast,Afghanistan to the southeast,Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. It is one of the six independent Turkic states. With a population over 7 million,Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations on the Asian continent.
Lebap Region is one of the regions of Turkmenistan. It is in the northeast of the country,bordering Afghanistan,Uzbekistan along the Amu Darya. Its administrative centre is Türkmenabat. It has an area of 93,727 square kilometers,and a population of 1,447,298 people.
Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide. Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov.
The Ministry for National Security or MNS is the secret police agency for the government of Turkmenistan. It is composed largely of the remnants of KGB organs left over after the collapse of the Soviet Union;its functions remain largely the same as well. The MNB and the national police force are under the direction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Until 2002,it was known as the KNB.
Gurbanguly MälikgulyýewiçBerdimuhamedow is a Turkmen politician and former dentist who is currently the Chairman of the People's Council of Turkmenistan. He previously served as the 2nd President of Turkmenistan from 2006 to 2022,when he entered into a power-sharing arrangement with his son,Serdar,the current president.
Presidential elections were held in Turkmenistan on 11 February 2007,following the death of president-for-life Saparmurat Niyazov on 21 December 2006.
The Republican Party of Turkmenistan is one of several dissident political parties that have been outlawed within Turkmenistan. Leaders of the exile-based RPT include Nurmuhammet Hanamow who went into exile in 2002 and Annadurdy Hajyýew,whose sister Ogulsapar Myradowa died in a Turkmen prison in September 2006. The latest opposition party,RPT operates in exile - since all opposition is banned within Turkmenistan,it was forced to form and operate from abroad.
Awdy ÖwezkuliýewiçKulyýew served as the first foreign minister of Turkmenistan. A former diplomat,he was Soviet chargéd'affaires to Oman and Qatar. He resigned as Foreign Minister in 1992 and left Turkmenistan,opposing the government of President Saparmyrat Nyýazow.
Parliamentary elections were held in Turkmenistan on 14 December 2008,with a second round held in one constituency on 28 December 2008 and a revote in one constituency on 8 February 2009. The number of assembly members was increased from 65 to 125 in constitutional reforms enacted on 26 September 2008. It was the first election since Turkmenistan's independence in which,theoretically,parties other than the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan are allowed to take part since the constitution no longer defined Turkmenistan as a one-party state. However,no legal opposition parties had been set up and the fact that the election took place in single-seat constituencies greatly diminished the opposition's chance of gaining parliamentary representation.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan has an embassy in Tashkent. Both countries were previously subordinated republics of the Soviet Union as Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic before its collapse in 1991.
Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov,also known as Türkmenbaşy,was a Turkmen politician who led Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. He was the first secretary of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan from 1985 until 1991 and supported the 1991 Soviet coup attempt. He continued to rule Turkmenistan as president for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Presidential elections were held in Turkmenistan on 12 February 2012. They were Turkmenistan's fourth presidential elections and decided who would be the country's president for the next five years. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow won with 97% of the vote.
Russians in Turkmenistan are a minority ethnic group,numbering 297,913 as of 2000 census representing 4% of the population. Most ethnic Russians migrated to Turkmenistan during the 20th century. Many settlements were founded in the north of the country. The Russian population reached its peak just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Most ethnic Russians live in the capital city of Turkmenistan,Ashgabat. Significant populations are found in other major cities. The main religion of Russians in Turkmenistan is Russian Orthodoxy.
The Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan is a political party in Turkmenistan. The party originated in August 2012 as the first legal opposition party in the country. On 10 June 2013 Party leader Ovezmammed Mammedov was elected to the Assembly of Turkmenistan in a by-election held for five vacant seats.
Serdar GurbangulyýewiçBerdimuhamedow is a Turkmen politician serving as the third and current president of Turkmenistan since 19 March 2022. Berdimuhamedow had previously served in several other positions within the government of his father,Gurbanguly,the long-standing authoritarian ruler of Turkmenistan. The father and son entered into a power-sharing arrangement in 2022 whereby they jointly rule an authoritarian system of government in Turkmenistan.
The Ministry of Justice of Turkmenistan regulates the activities of the country's justice bodies. Since its inception in 1993,the ministry provides legal support to the state,and performs other tasks assigned by the Law of Turkmenistan to ensure the protection of the rights,freedoms and legitimate interests of the Turkmen citizen. It was originally established on 6 September 1972 as the Justice Ministry of the Turkmen SSR. In 2003,President Saparmurat Niyazov ordered the Ministry of Justice to be renamed as the Ministry of Adalat. With Adalat being the Turkic word for justice,the change in terminology was intended to convey fairness,honor,and order within the ministry's affairs. The Ministry of Justice was also given new responsibilities that included inventorying all state-owned and private properties and overseeing the lawyers,notaries,and civil-registration offices in Turkmenistan.
The State Border Service (SBS) (Turkmen:Döwlet Serhet Gullugy,DSG) also commonly known by its paramilitary force as the Turkmen Border Troops (Türkmenistan Serhet Garawul) is a border guard agency of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan. It is currently a public service department of the government of the country and is under the command of the Ministry for National Security of Turkmenistan.
Early presidential elections were held in Turkmenistan on 12 March 2022. The elections were called after incumbent president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow announced his intention to resign.
The mayor of Ashgabat is the head and the highest-ranking official of Ashgabat,Turkmenistan,who leads the Government of Ashgabat,the main executive body of the city.
References
- ↑ "Turkmenistan Gets Its Second Political Party". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
- ↑ "Turkmenistan Gets First Legislator From 'Alternative' Party". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
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