PTS Galactitol Family

Last updated

The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family (TC# 4.A.5) is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. The biochemistry of this family is poorly defined. The only well-characterized member of this family is the galactitol permease of Escherichia coli. [1] However, a homologous IIC protein from Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be required for D-arabitol fermentation. [2] It presumably functions together with IIAGat and IIBGat homologues. IICGat is distantly related to IICSgc of E. coli; IIAGat is distantly related to IIASga and IIASgcof E. coli as well as IIAMtl and IIAFru. IIBGat is distantly related to IIBSga and IIBSgc of E. coli. [3] Domains in the LicR/CelR family of transcriptional activators show C-terminal domains exhibiting weak sequence similarity to IIBGat and IIAGat. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mannose</span> Chemical compound

Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. It is a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism.

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C. The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37°C. The term is mainly applied to microorganisms. Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles. Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and to kingdom Fungi of domain Eucarya. Mesophiles belonging to the domain Bacteria can either be gram-positive or gram-negative. Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic. There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, and spiral.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Facultative anaerobic organism</span> Beings that can respire with and without oxygen

A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). It is known to be a multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma membrane and those in the cytoplasm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sib RNA</span>

Sib RNA refers to a group of related non-coding RNA. They were originally named QUAD RNA after they were discovered as four repeat elements in Escherichia coli intergenic regions. The family was later renamed Sib when it was discovered that the number of repeats is variable in other species and in other E. coli strains.

In enzymology, a protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA thermometer</span> Temperature-dependent RNA structure

An RNA thermometer is a temperature-sensitive non-coding RNA molecule which regulates gene expression. RNA thermometers often regulate genes required during either a heat shock or cold shock response, but have been implicated in other regulatory roles such as in pathogenicity and starvation.

<i>Latilactobacillus sakei</i> Species of bacterium

Latilactobacillus sakei is the type species of the genus Latilactobacillus that was previously classified in the genus Lactobacillus. It is homofermentative; hexoses are metabolized via glycolysis to lactic acid as main metabolite; pentoses are fermented via the Phosphoketolase pathway to lactic and acetic acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal stress protein</span>

The universal stress protein (USP) domain is a superfamily of conserved genes which can be found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and plants. Proteins containing the domain are induced by many environmental stressors such as nutrient starvation, drought, extreme temperatures, high salinity, and the presence of uncouplers, antibiotics and metals.

The Phage 21 S Family is a member of the Holin Superfamily II.

The phosphotransferases system (PTS-GFL) superfamily is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of glucose, glucitol (G), fructose (F) and lactose (L). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics.

The PTSGlucose-Glucoside (Glc) family includes porters specific for glucose, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and a large variety of α- and β-glucosides, and is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily.

The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family is a large and complex family that is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily. It includes several sequenced fructose, mannose and mannitol-specific porters, as well as several putative PTS porters of unknown specificities. The fructose porters of this family phosphorylate fructose on the 1-position. Those of TC family 4.A.6 phosphorylate fructose on the 6-position.

The PTS Lactose-N,N’-Diacetylchitobiose (Lac) Family includes several sequenced lactose porters of Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the Escherichia coli and Borrelia burgdorferi N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) porters. It is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily. The former can transport aromatic β-glucosides and cellobiose, as well as Chb. However, only Chb induces expression of the chb operon.

The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family consists only of glucitol-specific porters, but these occur both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is part of the PTS-GFL superfamily.

Permease of phosphotransferase system is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of L-ascorbate (A) and galactitol (G). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics.

The PTS L-Ascorbate (L-Asc) Family includes porters specific for L-ascorbate, and is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. A single PTS permease of the L-Asc family of PTS permeases has been functionally characterized. This is the SgaTBA system, renamed UlaABC by Yew and Gerlt.

The PTS Mannose-Fructose-Sorbose (Man) Family is a group of multicomponent PTS systems that are involved in sugar uptake in bacteria. This transport process is dependent on several cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins - Enzyme I (I), HPr, Enzyme IIA (IIA), and Enzyme IIB (IIB) as well as the integral membrane sugar permease complex (IICD). It is not part of the PTS-AG or PTS-GFL superfamilies.

Proteobiotics are natural metabolites which are produced by fermentation process of specific probiotic strains. These small oligopeptides were originally discovered in and isolated from culture media used to grow probiotic bacteria and may account for some of the health benefits of probiotics.

Listeria innocua is a species of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It is motile, facultatively anaerobic, and non-spore-forming. L. innocua was named innocua (innocuous) because, in contrast to Listeria monocytogenes, it does not readily cause disease in mammals. Another Listeria species, L. seeligeri, was named after one of the discoverers of L. innocua.

References

  1. Nobelmann, Barbara (17 May 1995). "Sequence of the gat operon for galactitol utilization from a wild-type strain EC3132 of Escherichia coli". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1262 (1): 69–72. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00053-j. PMID   7772602.
  2. Saklani-Jusforgues, H.; Fontan, E.; Goossens, P. L. (2001-03-01). "Characterisation of a Listeria monocytogenes mutant deficient in D-arabitol fermentation". Research in Microbiology. 152 (2): 175–177. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01189-5 . ISSN   0923-2508. PMID   11316371.
  3. Reizer, Jonathan (Apr 1995). "Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by bacterial genome analysis--a gene cluster encoding a unique Enzyme I and the proteins of a fructose-like permease system". Microbiology. 141 (4): 961–71. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-4-961 . PMID   7773398.
  4. Tchieu, J. H.; Norris, V.; Edwards, J. S.; Saier, M. H. (2001-07-01). "The complete phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 3 (3): 329–346. ISSN   1464-1801. PMID   11361063.

As of this edit, this article uses content from "4.A.5 The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family" , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.