Padang Roco Inscription

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Padang Roco Inscription
Amoghapasa Padang Roco Inscription Front.JPG
The statue of Amoghapasa on top of the inscription.
MaterialAndesite stone
Created1208 Saka or 1286 CE
DiscoveredPadangroco, nagari Siguntur, kecamatan Sitiung, Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia (1911)
Present location National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta
RegistrationD.198-6468

The Padang Roco Inscription, in Indonesian Prasasti Padang Roco, is an inscription dated 1286 CE, discovered near the source of Batanghari river, Padangroco temple complex, Nagari Siguntur, Sitiung, Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Dharmasraya Regency Regency in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Dharmasraya Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of West Sumatra, Indonesia. In the past, this regency was the location of an independent Kingdom of Dharmasraya, which came to power in the 11th century.

West Sumatra Province in Indonesia

West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It lies on the west coast of the island of Sumatra. The latest official estimate for January 2014 shows a population of 5,098,790. West Sumatra is sub-divided into 12 regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces in Indonesia, except Java province. Its capital is Padang. The province borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east, and Bengkulu to the southeast. It includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast. West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people, although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the current administrative region of the province of West Sumatra, covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra, the western region of Riau, the western region of Jambi and the northern region of Bengkulu. In addition, The Minangkabau people have also spread to other parts of Indonesia, even to neighboring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. Now about half of the Minangkabau people live outside of their traditional region, the majority of whom live in large cities in Indonesia and Malaysia. Many Malays in Malaysia are of Minangkabau descent, they mainly inhabit the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor, as well as other parts of Malaysia.

Indonesia Republic in Southeast Asia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands, and at 1,904,569 square kilometres, the 14th largest by land area and the 7th largest in combined sea and land area. With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

Contents

Etymology

The inscription was named after the location it was discovered; Padang Roco, which is local Minangkabau language, translated to "field of statues". Padang means "field", while roco is equate to arca or murti , the image of Hindu-Buddhist deities.

Minangkabau language Austronesian language, spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra

Minangkabau is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau. The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee. It is also spoken in some parts of Malaysia, especially Negeri Sembilan.

Murti A statue, idol, symbol or icon

A murti is an image, statue or idol of a deity or person in Indian culture. In Hindu temples, it is a symbolic icon. A Murti is itself not the god in Hinduism, but it is a shape, embodiment or manifestation of a deity. Murtis are also found in some nontheistic Jainism traditions, where they serve as symbols of revered persons inside Jain temples, and are worshipped in Murtipujaka rituals.

Description

The inscription was discovered in 1911 near the source of Batanghari river, Padangroco. [1] The inscription was carved on four sides of rectangular shaped stone is served as the base of the Amoghapasa statue. On the back side of the statue carved inscription called Amoghapasa inscription dated from later period in 1347 CE(NBG 1911: 129, 20e). The inscriptions was carved in ancient Javanese letters, using two languages (Old Malay and Sanskrit) (Krom 1912, 1916; Moens 1924; dan Pitono 1966). Today the inscription is stored in National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta, with inventory code number D.198-6468 (the base or inscription part) and D.198-6469 (the statue part).

Amoghapasa inscription

Amoghapasa inscription is an inscription inscribed on the back of pāduka Amoghapāśa as referred to in Padang Roco inscription.

Sanskrit language of ancient India

Sanskrit is a language of ancient India with a 3,500 year history. It is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism and the predominant language of most works of Hindu philosophy as well as some of the principal texts of Buddhism and Jainism. Sanskrit, in its variants and numerous dialects, was the lingua franca of ancient and medieval India. In the early 1st millennium CE, along with Buddhism and Hinduism, Sanskrit migrated to Southeast Asia, parts of East Asia and Central Asia, emerging as a language of high culture and of local ruling elites in these regions.

National Museum of Indonesia Archaeology museums in Jakarta, Indonesia

The National Museum of Indonesia, is an archeological, historical, ethnological, and geographical museum located in Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat, Central Jakarta, right on the west side of Merdeka Square. Popularly known as the Elephant Building after the elephant statue in its forecourt. Its broad collections cover all of Indonesia's territory and almost all of its history. The museum has endeavoured to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.

Origin

The inscription was dated 1208 Saka or 1286 CE, in the same period of Singhasari kingdom in Java and Melayu Kingdom Dharmasraya in Sumatra. The inscriptions tell that in the year 1208 Saka, under the order of king Kertanegara of Singhasari, a statue of Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was transported from Bhumijawa (Java) to Svarnabhumi (Sumatra) to be erected at Dharmasraya. This gift made the people of Svarnabhumi rejoice, especially their king Tribhuwanaraja Mauliwarmmadewa.

Singhasari Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Java

Singhasari was an Indianized Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java. The kingdom's name cognate to Singosari district of Malang Regency, located several kilometres north of Malang city.

Melayu Kingdom

The Melayu Kingdom was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom.

Java island of Indonesia

Java is an island of Indonesia, bordered by the Indian Ocean on the south and the Java Sea on the north. With a population of over 141 million or 145 million, Java is the home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the world's most populous island. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on its northwestern coast. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site.

Content

The content of inscription as translated by Slamet Muljana: [2]

  1. Rejoice ! In the year Śaka 1208, [3] in the month of Bādrawāda, first day of rising moon, Māwulu wāge day, Thursday, Wuku Madaṇkungan, with the king star located on southwest ...
  2. .... that is the time of the statue of lord Amoghapasa Lokeśvara accompanied with all fourteen followers and also seven ratna jewel taken from bhūmi Jāwa to Swarnnabhūmi, in order to be erected at Dharmmāśraya,
  3. as the gift of Srī Wiśwarūpa Kumāra. For that purpose pāduka Srī Mahārājādhirāja Kṛtanagara Wikrama Dharmmottunggadewa has ordered Rakryān Mahā-mantri Dyah Adwayabrahma, Rakryān Śirīkan Dyah Sugatabrahma and
  4. Samagat Payānan hań Dīpankaradāsa, Rakryān Damun pu Wīra to presented lord Amoghapāśa. May this gift make all the people of bhūmi Mālayu, including its brāhmaṇa, ksatrya, waiśa, sūdra and especially the center of all āryyas; Srī Mahārāja Srīmat Tribhuwanarāja Mauliwarmmadewa.

Adityawarman's addition

In 1347 Adityawarman moved the statue further uphill to Rambahan site near Langsat River, the source of Batanghari river. He also added inscription inscribed on the back side of the statue, this inscription refer as Amoghapasa inscription dated 1347 CE. While the rectangular base refer as Padang Roco inscription remain in Padang Roco area.

Adityawarman King of Gold Land

Adityawarman was a king of Malayapura, a state in central Sumatra. He was the cousin of Jayanegara, king of Majapahit from 1309–1328, and the grandson of Tribhuwanaraja, king of Melayu Kingdom. Adityawarman was awarded the Senior Minister of Majapahit (wreddamantri) and used this authority to launch Majapahit military expansion plans and conquered east coast region in Sumatra. Adityawarman then founded the royal dynasty of Minangkabau in Pagarruyung and presided over the central Sumatra region to take control of the gold trade between 1347 and 1375.

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References

  1. Hendrik Kern, 'De Wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapâça-beeld van Padang-tjandi (Midden-Sumatra) 1269 Caka', Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Uitgegeven door het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (TBG), 49, 1907, pp.159-171; also Hendrik Kern, 'De Wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapaca-beeld van Padang Candi (Midden-Sumatra) 1269 Caka', Verspreide Geschriften, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, Vol. VII, 1917, pp.165-75.
  2. Muljana, Slamet, 1981, Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi, Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, hlm. 223.
  3. corresponds to 1286 CE