The Senate of the Republic, or simply the Senate, is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies. The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to the Articles 57, 58, and 59 of the Italian Constitution, the Senate has 200 elective members, of which 196 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 4 from Italian citizens living abroad. Furthermore, there is a small number of senators for life, either appointed or ex officio. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno, itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino of Sardinia established on 8 May 1848. Members of the Senate are styled Senator or The Honourable Senator and they meet at Palazzo Madama, Rome.
New Force is an Italian neo-fascist political party. It was founded by Roberto Fiore and Massimo Morsello. The party is a member of the Alliance for Peace and Freedom and was a part of the Social Alternative from 2003 to 2006. The party has often been strongly criticized for its radical positions and for acts of violence involving some militants. It was also the protagonist of political campaigns opposed to same-sex marriage and immigration to Italy.
Italy has recognised same-sex civil unions since 5 June 2016, providing same-sex couples with all of the legal protections enjoyed by opposite-sex married couples, excluding joint and stepchild adoption rights. A bill to allow such unions, as well as gender-neutral registered partnerships, was approved by the Senate on 25 February 2016 and the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May and signed into law by the Italian President on 20 May of the same year. The law was published in the official gazette the next day and took effect on 5 June 2016. Before this, several regions had supported a national law on civil unions and some municipalities passed laws providing for civil unions, though the rights conferred by these civil unions varied from place to place.
Matteo Salvini is an Italian politician who has served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of Infrastructure and Transport since 2022. He has been Federal Secretary of Italy's Lega Nord party since December 2013 and an Italian senator since March 2018. Salvini represented Northwestern Italy in the European Parliament from 2004 to 2018.
The Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party's secretary is Elly Schlein, elected in the 2023 leadership election, while the party's president is Stefano Bonaccini.
The Italian Liberal Party is a minor liberal political party in Italy, which considers itself to be the successor of the original Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian main centre-right liberal party that was active in different capacities from 1922 to 1994. Originally named the Liberal Party, the new PLI changed its name in 2004 and is not represented in the Italian Parliament.
Andros Kyprianou is a Cypriot politician, who was the General Secretary of the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) from 2009 to 2021, and currently serves as a Member of the House of Representatives since 2001.
Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata is an Italian diplomat and politician. He was Italy's Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mario Monti's government from November 2011 until March 2013, Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations in New York between 2008 and 2009 and Ambassador of Italy to the United States between 2009 and 2011. He is currently a Senator of the Republic of Italy and the President of the 4th Permanent Senate Commission of EU Affairs elected from the Lombardy constituency as a part of Brothers of Italy. He is also the President of the India-Italy Parliamentary Friendship group.
Stefano Valdegamberi is a Venetist politician from Veneto, Italy.
Paolo Volponi was an Italian writer, poet, and politician.
The Communist Refoundation Party is a communist political party in Italy that emerged from a split of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1991. The party's secretary is Maurizio Acerbo, who replaced Paolo Ferrero in 2017. Armando Cossutta was the party's founder, while Fausto Bertinotti its longest-serving leader (1994–2008). The latter transformed the PRC from a traditional communist party into a collection of radical social movements.
Johannes Hübner is a former Austrian politician and Member of the Federal Parliament for Vienna South-West for the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) 2008 - 2017. He previously sat in parliament for Vienna District 4 (1986-1997). He was until October 2017 the party's spokesman on Foreign Affairs.
Axel Kassegger is an Austrian politician who has been a Member of the National Council for the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) since 2013.
Popular Alternative is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy that was founded on 18 March 2017 after the dissolution of New Centre-Right (NCD), one of the two parties that emerged at the break-up of The People of Freedom. "Popular" is a reference to popolarismo, the Italian variety of Christian democracy. The party has been a member of the European People's Party (EPP) since its foundation, having inherited the membership of the NCD.
Pierpaolo Sileri is an Italian politician, surgeon and academic professor and since 13 September 2019 Deputy Minister of Health in the government of the Italian Republic.
Cambiamo! is a centre-right political party in Italy, led by Giovanni Toti.
The 2020 Italian by-elections were called to fill seats in the Parliament that became vacant after the 2018 general elections. In 2020, by-elections were held for the Chamber of Deputies the Senate of the Republic.
Coraggio Italia is a liberal-conservative political party in Italy, led by Luigi Brugnaro.
Markus-Cornel Frohnmaier is a Romanian-born German politician from Alternative for Germany. He was elected Member of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg in the 2017 German federal election. Up until February 2018, Frohnmaier was the chair of Young Alternative for Germany (JA), AfD's youth wing.
Campobase is a regionalist and centrist political party, in the Christian-democratic tradition, in Trentino, Italy. Its informal leader is Lorenzo Dellai, a former three-term president of Trentino (1999–2012). The party is the heir of the Daisy Civic List (1998–2008) and the Union for Trentino (2008–2022), and is part of the centre-left coalition both in Trentino and the Italian Parliament.
