Papua may refer to:
- New Guinea, the world's second-largest island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
- Western New Guinea, an Indonesian region comprising the western half of the island of New Guinea
- Papua (province), an Indonesian province in the north coast of Western New Guinea
- Papua New Guinea, a country comprising the eastern half of the island of New Guinea
- Territory of Papua, former Australian external territory in southeastern New Guinea
- Southern Region, Papua New Guinea, officially known as Papua Region up to 2011
