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Alfred-Maurice de Zayas is a Cuban-born American lawyer and writer, active in the field of human rights and international law. From 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2018, he served as the first UN Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order, appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council.
Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, was a diplomat and jurist in service of the Russian Empire who made important contributions to the science of international law. He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conferences and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and the United Kingdom over Newfoundland. As a scholar, he is probably best remembered today for having edited 15 volumes of Russian international treaties (1874–1909).
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Emmanuelle Tourme-Jouannet is a professor of International law at the Sciences Po School of Law. She teaches and carries out research in International law, International dispute, Human rights and International humanitarian law as well as in History of law and Philosophy of law. Her career as a jurist and a philosopher has begun after having taken courses in law and philosophy respectively at Panthéon-Assas University and the Paris-Sorbonne University.
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Criminal law in France is one of the branches of the juridical system of the French Republic. The field of criminal law is defined as a sector of French law, and is a combination of public and private law, insofar as it punishes private behavior on behalf of society as a whole. Its function is to define, categorize, prevent, and punish criminal offenses committed by a person, whether a natural person or a juridical person. In this sense it is of a punitive nature, as opposed to civil law in France, which settles disputes between individuals, or administrative law which deals with issues between individuals and government.
The principle of legality in French criminal law holds that no one may be convicted of a criminal offense unless a previously published legal text sets out in clear and precise wording out the constituent elements of the offense and the penalty which applies to it. (Latin:Nullum crimen, nulla pœna sine lege, in other words, "no crime, no penalty, without a law").
References
- ↑ Liebs, Detlef, ed. (2007). Lateinische Rechtsregeln und Rechtssprichwörter (in German) (7 ed.). Frankfurt: C. H. Beck. p. 168. ISBN 978-3-406-56294-5.
- ↑ Delbrück, Jost; Wolfrum, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). "Abschnitt. Die Organe des Staates". Die Grundlagen. Die Völkerrechtssubjekte. Völkerrecht (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 455. doi:10.1515/9783110900774.244.
- ↑ Dinstein, Yoram (1966). "Par in Parem non Habet Imperium". Israel Law Review. 1 (3): 407–408. doi:10.1017/S0021223700013893.
- ↑ Van Schaack, Beth (2012). "Par in Parem Imperium Non Habet: Complementarity and the Crime of Aggression". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 10 (1): 149. doi: 10.1093/jicj/mqs004 .
- ↑ Nys, Ernest (1905). "Le procès de Marie Stuart et la notion du droit des gens". Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée. Deuxième série (in French). 7: 125–129.
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