Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist,statesman,secular humanist,social democrat,and author who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947,he served as the country's first prime minister for 16 years. Nehru promoted parliamentary democracy,secularism,and science and technology during the 1950s,powerfully influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs,he steered India clear of the two blocs of the Cold War. A well-regarded author,his books written in prison,such as Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929),An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery of India (1946),have been read around the world.
The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The prime minister is the chair of the federal cabinet and the national cabinet and a member of the federal executive council. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party,who assumed the office on 23 May 2022.
The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Not outlined in any constitutional document,the office exists only per long-established convention. Under the Westminster system,the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority of the elected House of Commons;as such,the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch's representative,the governor general,and,as first minister,selects other ministers to form the Cabinet and chairs it. Constitutionally,executive authority is vested in the monarch,but,in practice,the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the advice of the Cabinet,which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and styled as the Right Honourable,a privilege maintained for life.
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative,chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons,they sit as members of Parliament. The current prime minister is Rishi Sunak of the Conservative Party,who assumed the office on 25 October 2022.
The prime minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers,despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be a member of one of the houses of bicameral Parliament of India,alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Utrecht University is a public research university in Utrecht,Netherlands. Established 26 March 1636,it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2022,it had an enrollment of 37,675 students,and employed 8,584 faculty members and staff. More than 400 PhD degrees were awarded and 8,500 scientific articles were published. The university's 2022 budget was €2.606 billion,consisting of €1.067 billion for the university and €1.539 billion for the University Medical College Utrecht.
The Indian National Congress (INC),colloquially the Congress Party or simply the Congress,is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885,it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century,and especially after 1920,under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi,the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. The Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom,and significantly influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.
Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad,Telangana,India. Mir Osman Ali Khan,the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad,issued a firman calling for its creation on 29 August 1917. It is the third oldest university in southern India,and the first to be established in the erstwhile Kingdom of Hyderabad. It was the first Indian university to use Urdu as a language of instruction,although with English as a compulsory subject. As of 2012,the university hosts 3,700 international students from more than 80 nations.
A parliamentary system,or parliamentary democracy,is a system of democratic government where the head of government derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature,typically a parliament,to which they are accountable.
Manmohan Singh is an Indian retired politician,economist,academician and bureaucrat who served as the 13th Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. He is the third longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi. A member of the Indian National Congress,Singh was the first Sikh prime minister of India. He was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.
The Government of Canada is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. The term Government of Canada refers specifically to the executive,which includes ministers of the Crown and the federal civil service;it is alternatively known as His Majesty's Government and is corporately branded as the Government of Canada. There are over 100 departments and agencies,as well as over 300,000 persons employed in the Government of Canada. These institutions carry out the programs and enforce the laws established by the Parliament of Canada.
Pranab Mukherjee was an Indian politician who served as the 13th president of India from 2012 until 2017. He was the first person from West Bengal to hold the post of President of India. In a political career spanning five decades,Mukherjee was a senior leader in the Indian National Congress and occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President,Mukherjee was Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012. He was awarded India's highest civilian honour,the Bharat Ratna,in 2019,by his successor as president,Ram Nath Kovind.
The Union Council of Ministers is the principal executive organ of the Government of India,which functions as the senior decision-making body of the executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. Currently,the council is headed by prime minister Narendra Modi and consists of 29 members,including the prime minister. The council is subject to the Parliament of India.
Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU),formerly the University of Pune,is a public state university located in the city of Pune,India. It was established in 1949,and is spread over a 411 acres (1.66 km2) campus in the neighbourhood of Ganeshkhind. The university houses 46 academic departments. It has about 307 recognized research institutes and 612 affiliated colleges offering graduate and under-graduate courses. Savitribai Phule Pune University Ranked 12th NIRF Ranking in 2022
Delhi University,formally the University of Delhi,is a central university located in Delhi,India. It was founded in 1922 by an Act of the Central Legislative Assembly and is recognized as an Institute of Eminence (IoE) by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The university has 16 faculties and 86 departments distributed across its North and South campuses,and remaining colleges across the region. It has 91 constituent colleges. Delhi University is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 400,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. The Vice President of India serves as the university chancellor. The university is ranked 11th by National Institutional Ranking Framework 2023.
Abdul Taib bin Mahmud was a Malaysian politician who served as the seventh Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak from March 2014 to January 2024 and the fourth Chief Minister of Sarawak from March 1981 to February 2014. He is referred to as the Father of Modern Sarawak.
Ashokrao Shankarrao Chavan is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is son of ex-Maharashtra Chief Minister Shankarrao Chavan. He was one of the most influential leaders of Indian National Congress in Maharashtra but later resigned and joined Bhartiya Janata Party on 13 Feb 2024. He has served as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra state from 8 December 2008 to 9 November 2010. Also,he has served as Minister for Cultural Affairs,Industries,Mines and Protocol in the Vilasrao Deshmukh government and he is also the former PWD Minister of Maharashtra.
Nirmala Sitharaman is an Indian economist,politician and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) serving as the Minister of Finance and Minister of Corporate Affairs of the Government of India since 2019. She is a member of the Rajya Sabha,the upper house of the Indian Parliament,representing Karnataka since 2016 and previously represented Andhra Pradesh from 2014 to 2016. Sitharaman previously served as the 28th Defence Minister from 2017 to 2019,thereby becoming India's second female defence minister and the second female finance minister after Indira Gandhi,and the first full-time female minister to hold each of those portfolios. She served as junior minister in the Modi ministry between 2014 and 2017,holding successive positions,first for her dual appointment as the Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and the Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs from May to November 2014,and then as the Minister of State for the Ministry of Commerce and Industry from May 2014 to September 2017,before being elevated to senior posts within the Union Cabinet.
