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In mathematics, a binary relation associates elements of one set, called the domain, with elements of another set, called the codomain. A binary relation over sets X and Y is a new set of ordered pairs (x, y) consisting of elements x in X and y in Y. It is a generalization of the more widely understood idea of a unary function. It encodes the common concept of relation: an element x is related to an element y, if and only if the pair (x, y) belongs to the set of ordered pairs that defines the binary relation. A binary relation is the most studied special case n = 2 of an n-ary relation over sets X1, ..., Xn, which is a subset of the Cartesian product
In mathematics, a binary operation or dyadic operation is a rule for combining two elements to produce another element. More formally, a binary operation is an operation of arity two.
Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations that was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Nowadays, category theory is used in almost all areas of mathematics, and in many areas of computer science. In particular, numerous constructions of new mathematical objects from previous ones, that appear similarly in several contexts are conveniently expressed and unified in terms of categories. Examples include quotient spaces, direct products, completion, and duality.
In mathematics, a partial functionf from a set X to a set Y is a function from a subset S of X to Y. The subset S, that is, the domain of f viewed as a function, is called the domain of definition or natural domain of f. If S equals X, that is, if f is defined on every element in X, then f is said to be a total function.
In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a multilinear relationship between sets of algebraic objects related to a vector space. Tensors may map between different objects such as vectors, scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, including scalars and vectors, dual vectors, multilinear maps between vector spaces, and even some operations such as the dot product. Tensors are defined independent of any basis, although they are often referred to by their components in a basis related to a particular coordinate system.
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In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set A, a collection of operations on A, and a finite set of identities, known as axioms, that these operations must satisfy.
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In electrical engineering, a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAEs) is a system of equations that either contains differential equations and algebraic equations, or is equivalent to such a system. In mathematics these are examples of differential algebraic varieties and correspond to ideals in differential polynomial rings (see the article on differential algebra for the algebraic setup.
In mathematics, a transformation is a function f, usually with some geometrical underpinning, that maps a set X to itself, i.e. f : X → X. Examples include linear transformations of vector spaces and geometric transformations, which include projective transformations, affine transformations, and specific affine transformations, such as rotations, reflections and translations.
Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer.
In mathematics, a binary relation on a set may, or may not, hold between two given set members. For example, "is less than" is a relation on the set of natural numbers; it holds e.g. between 1 and 3, and likewise between 3 and 4, but neither between 3 and 1 nor between 4 and 4. As another example, "is sister of" is a relation on the set of all people, it holds e.g. between Marie Curie and Bronisława Dłuska, and likewise vice versa. Set members may not be in relation "to a certain degree" - either they are in relation or they are not.
The descending wedge symbol ∨ may represent:
In abstract algebra, a partial groupoid is a set endowed with a partial binary operation.
Effect algebras are partial algebras which abstract the (partial) algebraic properties of events that can be observed in quantum mechanics. Structures equivalent to effect algebras were introduced by three different research groups in theoretical physics or mathematics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, their mathematical properties and physical as well as computational significance have been studied by researchers in theoretical physics, mathematics and computer science.
Hartmut Ehrig was a German computer scientist and professor of theoretical computer science and formal specification. He was a pioneer in algebraic specification of abstract data types, and in graph grammars.
References
- 1 2 3 Peter Burmeister (1993). "Partial algebras—an introductory survey". In Ivo G. Rosenberg; Gert Sabidussi (eds.). Algebras and Orders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–70. ISBN 978-0-7923-2143-9.
- ↑ George A. Grätzer (2008). Universal Algebra (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 2. Partial algebras. ISBN 978-0-387-77487-9.
- ↑ Foulis, D. J.; Bennett, M. K. (1994). "Effect algebras and unsharp quantum logics". Foundations of Physics. 24 (10): 1331. doi:10.1007/BF02283036. hdl: 10338.dmlcz/142815 . S2CID 123349992.
