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Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms.
In mathematics, a binary relation associates elements of one set called the domain with elements of another set called the codomain. Precisely, a binary relation over sets and is a set of ordered pairs where is in and is in . It encodes the common concept of relation: an element is related to an element , if and only if the pair belongs to the set of ordered pairs that defines the binary relation.
In mathematics, a binary operation or dyadic operation is a rule for combining two elements to produce another element. More formally, a binary operation is an operation of arity two.
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory, algebra, geometry, analysis, and set theory.
In mathematics, a partial functionf from a set X to a set Y is a function from a subset S of X to Y. The subset S, that is, the domain of f viewed as a function, is called the domain of definition or natural domain of f. If S equals X, that is, if f is defined on every element in X, then f is said to be a total function.
Universal algebra is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures. For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of study.
In mathematics, a subalgebra is a subset of an algebra, closed under all its operations, and carrying the induced operations.
In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set A, a collection of operations on A, and a finite set of identities that these operations must satisfy.
In abstract algebra, a magma, binar, or, rarely, groupoid is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set equipped with a single binary operation that must be closed by definition. No other properties are imposed.
The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2,600 relays, implementing a 22-bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was stored on punched film. Initial values were entered manually.
In mathematics, a pointed set is an ordered pair where is a set and is an element of called the base point, also spelled basepoint.
In mathematics, a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAE) is a system of equations that either contains differential equations and algebraic equations, or is equivalent to such a system.
In mathematics, the converse of a binary relation is the relation that occurs when the order of the elements is switched in the relation. For example, the converse of the relation 'child of' is the relation 'parent of'. In formal terms, if and are sets and is a relation from to then is the relation defined so that if and only if In set-builder notation,
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of statements within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication.
Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, which includes the notions of point, line, plane, distance, angle, surface, and curve, as fundamental concepts.
The descending wedge symbol ∨ may represent:
In abstract algebra, a partial groupoid is a set endowed with a partial binary operation.
Effect algebras are partial algebras which abstract the (partial) algebraic properties of events that can be observed in quantum mechanics. Structures equivalent to effect algebras were introduced by three different research groups in theoretical physics or mathematics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, their mathematical properties and physical as well as computational significance have been studied by researchers in theoretical physics, mathematics and computer science.
In abstract algebra, the Virasoro group or Bott–Virasoro group is an infinite-dimensional Lie group defined as the universal central extension of the group of diffeomorphisms of the circle. The corresponding Lie algebra is the Virasoro algebra, which has a key role in conformal field theory (CFT) and string theory.
Hartmut Ehrig was a German computer scientist and professor of theoretical computer science and formal specification. He was a pioneer in algebraic specification of abstract data types, and in graph grammars.
References
- 1 2 3 Peter Burmeister (1993). "Partial algebras—an introductory survey". In Ivo G. Rosenberg; Gert Sabidussi (eds.). Algebras and Orders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–70. ISBN 978-0-7923-2143-9.
- ↑ George A. Grätzer (2008). Universal Algebra (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. Chapter 2. Partial algebras. ISBN 978-0-387-77487-9.
- ↑ Foulis, D. J.; Bennett, M. K. (1994). "Effect algebras and unsharp quantum logics". Foundations of Physics. 24 (10): 1331. Bibcode:1994FoPh...24.1331F. doi:10.1007/BF02283036. hdl: 10338.dmlcz/142815 . S2CID 123349992.
