Parvulin-like peptidyl-prolyl isomerase

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Parvulin-like peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PrsA), also referred to as putative proteinase maturation protein A (PpmA), functions as a molecular chaperone in Gram-positive bacteria, such as B. subtilis, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and S. pyogenes. PrsA proteins contain a highly conserved parvulin domain that contains peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity capable of catalyzing the bond N-terminal to proline from cis to trans, or vice versa, which is a rate limiting step in protein folding. [1] PrsA homologs also contain a foldase domain suspected to aid in the folding of proteins but, unlike the parvulin domain, is not highly conserved. [2] PrsA proteins are capable of forming multimers in vivo and in vitro and, when dimerized, form a claw-like structure linked by the NC domains. [2] [3] Most Gram-positive bacteria contain only one PrsA-like protein, but some organisms such as L. monocytogenes, B. anthracis and S. pyogenes contain two PrsAs.

Function

In B. subtilis, PrsA is generally well characterized compared to PrsA homologs in other Gram-positive organisms. Secreteomic analyses have shown the absence of PrsA significantly impacts the yield of secreted proteins and that it is required for normal growth. [2] [4] In L. monocytogenes, there is a 5-6 log decrease in virulence when only one of two PrsA genes are deleted in a murine mouse model. [5] Furthermore, PrsA-depleted bacterial cells have a decreased resistance to antibiotics, potentially due to its involvement in cell wall biogenesis, and thus PrsA may serve an antimicrobial target. [6] [7] Proteomic analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae secretome determined that PrsA is required for S. pneumoniae competence and virulence and also contributed to host cell adhesion and cell wall assembly of the bacterium. [8]

There is evidence to support that parvulins, such as PrsA homologs, in Gram-positive bacteria function to fold and stabilize secreted proteins. [9] Current data suggests that they are secreted from the cytoplasm to function in the interface between the cell wall and bacterial membrane. Here, they become tethered to the bacterial membrane via lipidation and mutation of the residue that lipidates PrsA to the bacterial membrane results in monomeric units, whereas when it is not mutated PrsA dimerizes and the dimer form is important for its function. [2] [3] [4]

Virulence factors are primarily secreted out of the Sec translocation pathway in an unfolded state and must fully fold to function in pathogenesis. The role of PrsA proteins have been implicated in aiding in protein folding of those unfolded secreted proteins to promote virulence. Additionally, PrsA function has been implicated in full biofilm formation, swimming motility, stress resistance as well as other biological processes. [5] [10] [11] [12] [13]

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References

  1. ↑ Scheuplein, N (2020). "Targeting Protein Folding: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Pathogenic Bacteria". Journal of Medical Chemistry. 63 (22): 13355–13388. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00911. PMID   32786507. S2CID   225202259.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Jakob, Roman P. (February 6, 2015). "Dimeric Structure of the Bacterial Extracellular Foldase PrsA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (6): 3278–3292. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.622910 . PMC   4319002 . PMID   25525259.
  3. 1 2 Cahoon, Laty A. (2016). "A structural comparison ofListeria monocytogenesproteinchaperones PrsA1 and PrsA2 reveals molecular featuresrequired for virulence". Molecular Microbiology. 101 (1): 42–61. doi:10.1111/mmi.13367. PMC   4925323 . PMID   27007641. S2CID   11560332.
  4. 1 2 Kontinen, Vesa P. (1993). "737The PrsA lipoprotein is essential for protein secretion in Bacillus subtilis and sets a limit for high-level secretion". Molecular Microbiology. 8 (4): 727–737. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01616.x. PMID   8332065. S2CID   36378059.
  5. 1 2 Alonzo III, Francis (July 2009). "The Posttranslocation Chaperone PrsA2 Contributes to MultipleFacets of Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis". Infection and Immunity. 77 (7): 2612–2623. doi:10.1128/IAI.00280-09. PMC   2708592 . PMID   19451247.
  6. ↑ Hyyrylainen, Hanne-Leena (2010). "Penicillin-binding protein folding is dependent on the PrsApeptidyl-prolylcis-transisomerase in Bacillus subtilis". Molecular Microbiology. 77 (1): 108–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07188.x . PMID   20487272. S2CID   4496832.
  7. ↑ Alonzo III, Francis (2011). "Functional analysis of the Listeria monocytogenes secretion chaperone PrsA2 and its multiple contributions to bacterial virulence". Molecular Microbiology. 80 (6): 1530–1548. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07665.x. PMC   3115453 . PMID   21545417.
  8. ↑ George, Jada (February 2024). "Streptococcus pneumoniae secretion chaperones PrsA, SlrA, and HtrA are required for competence, antibiotic resistance, colonization, and invasive disease". Infection and Immunity. 92 (2): e0049023. doi:10.1128/iai.00490-23. PMC   10863415 . PMID   38226817.
  9. ↑ Sarvas, Matti (November 11, 2004). "Post-translocational folding of secretory proteins in Gram-positive bacteria". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1694 (1–3): 311–327. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.04.009 . PMID   15546674.
  10. ↑ Guo, Lihong (April 29, 2013). "Phenotypic characterization of the foldase homologue PrsA in Streptococcus mutans". Mol Oral Microbiology. 28 (2): 154–165. doi:10.1111/omi.12014. PMC   3819222 . PMID   23241367.
  11. ↑ Cahoon, Laty A. (October 2015). "dentification of Conserved and Species-Specific Functions of theListeria monocytogenes PrsA2 Secretion Chaperone". Infection and Immunity. 83 (10): 4028–4041. doi:10.1128/IAI.00504-15. PMC   4567654 . PMID   26216425.
  12. ↑ Alonzo III, Francis (November 2010). "Listeria monocytogenesPrsA2 Is Required for Virulence FactorSecretion and Bacterial Viability within the Host Cell Cytosol". Infection and Immunity. 78 (11): 4944–4957. doi:10.1128/IAI.00532-10. PMC   2976329 . PMID   20823208.
  13. ↑ Zemansky, Jason (June 2009). "Development of amariner-Based Transposon and Identification of Listeria monocytogenes Determinants, Including the Peptidyl-ProlylIsomerase PrsA2, That Contribute to Its Hemolytic Phenotype". Journal of Bacteriology. 191 (12): 3950–3964. doi:10.1128/JB.00016-09. PMC   2698408 . PMID   19376879.
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