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Cryptanalysis refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown.
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally, only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to plaintext and access the original information. Encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
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Steganography is the practice of representing information within another message or physical object, in such a manner that the presence of the information is not evident to human inspection. In computing/electronic contexts, a computer file, message, image, or video is concealed within another file, message, image, or video. The word steganography comes from Greek steganographia, which combines the words steganós, meaning "covered or concealed", and -graphia meaning "writing".
A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as state cipher. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR).
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation.
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In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. This process prevents the loss of sensitive information via hacking. Decryption, the inverse of encryption, is the process of turning ciphertext into readable plaintext. Ciphertext is not to be confused with codetext because the latter is a result of a code, not a cipher.
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In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance, the attacker might know the language in which the plaintext is written or the expected statistical distribution of characters in the plaintext. Standard protocol data and messages are commonly part of the plaintext in many deployed systems, and can usually be guessed or known efficiently as part of a ciphertext-only attack on these systems.
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Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications.
This is a list of cybersecurity information technology. Cybersecurity is security as it is applied to information technology. This includes all technology that stores, manipulates, or moves data, such as computers, data networks, and all devices connected to or included in networks, such as routers and switches. All information technology devices and facilities need to be secured against intrusion, unauthorized use, and vandalism. Additionally, the users of information technology should be protected from theft of assets, extortion, identity theft, loss of privacy and confidentiality of personal information, malicious mischief, damage to equipment, business process compromise, and the general activity of cybercriminals. The public should be protected against acts of cyberterrorism, such as the compromise or loss of the electric power grid.
References
- ↑ "Active and Passive attacks in Information Security". September 5, 2018.
- ↑ Stallings, William. "Cryptography and Network Security".
- ↑ Abyaneh, Mohammad Reza Sohizadeh (December 2010). "On the Security of Non-Linear HB (NLHB) Protocol against Passive Attack". 2010 IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE. pp. 523–528. arXiv: 1007.4414 . doi:10.1109/EUC.2010.86. ISBN 978-1-4244-9719-5. S2CID 1043247.
- ↑ Liang, Yingbin; Poor, H. Vincent; Ying, Lei (October 2011). "Secrecy Throughput of MANETs Under Passive and Active Attacks". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. IEEE. 57 (10): 6692–6702. doi:10.1109/TIT.2011.2165800. S2CID 15255934.
- ↑ Khan, S.; Mast, N.; Loo, K. K.; Silahuddin, A. (April 14, 2008). "Passive security threats and consequences in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks" – via bura.brunel.ac.uk.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Sepehrdad, Pouyan; Sušil, Petr; Vaudenay, Serge; Vuagnoux, Martin (April 14, 2014). "Smashing WEP in a Passive Attack". In Moriai, Shiho (ed.). Fast Software Encryption. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8424. Springer. pp. 155–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43933-3_9. ISBN 978-3-662-43932-6. S2CID 10939507 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Silva-Trujillo, Alejandra Guadalupe; González González, Mauricio Jacobo; Rocha Pérez, Luis Pablo; García Villalba, Luis Javier (January 2023). "Cybersecurity Analysis of Wearable Devices: Smartwatches Passive Attack". Sensors. 23 (12): 5438. Bibcode:2023Senso..23.5438S. doi: 10.3390/s23125438 . ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 10301545 . PMID 37420605.
