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The history of the Jews in India dates back to antiquity. Judaism was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in the Indian subcontinent in recorded history. Desi Jews are a small religious minority who have lived in the region since ancient times. The 2,000-year history of Indian Jews was marked by a total absence of antisemitism from the Hindu majority and a visible assimilation in the local languages and cultures.
Falmouth is the chief town and capital of the parish of Trelawny in Jamaica. It is situated on Jamaica's north coast 29 km east of Montego Bay. It is noted for being one of the Caribbean's best-preserved Georgian towns.
Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres and de jure 23rd Earl of Crawford was a Scottish nobleman, soldier, politician and colonial administrator. He was the son of James Lindsay, 5th Earl of Balcarres. He was a general in the British Army.
The First Maroon War was a conflict between the Jamaican Maroons and the colonial British authorities that started around 1728 and continued until the peace treaties of 1739 and 1740. It was led by self-liberated Africans who set up communities in the mountains. The name "Maroon" was given to these Africans, and for many years they fought the British colonial Government of Jamaica for their freedom. The maroons were very skilled, particularly in guerrilla warfare. It was followed about half a century later by the Second Maroon War.
The Second Maroon War of 1795–1796 was an eight-month conflict between the Maroons of Cudjoe's Town, a Maroon settlement later re-named after Governor Edward Trelawny at the end of First Maroon War, located near Trelawny Parish, Jamaica in the St James Parish, and the British colonials who controlled the island. The Windward communities of Jamaican Maroons remained neutral during this rebellion and their treaty with the British still remains in force. Accompong Town, however, sided with the colonial militias, and fought against Trelawny Town.
Jamaican Maroons descend from Africans who freed themselves from slavery on the Colony of Jamaica and established communities of free black people in the island's mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes. Africans who were enslaved during Spanish rule over Jamaica (1493–1655) may have been the first to develop such refugee communities.
The history of the Jews in Jamaica predominantly dates back to migrants from Spain and Portugal. Starting in 1509, many Jews began fleeing from Spain because of the persecution of the Holy Inquisition. When the English captured Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the Jews who were living as conversos began to practice Judaism openly. By 1611, the Island of Jamaica had reached an estimated population of 1,500 people. An estimated 75 of those people were described as "foreigners," which may have included some Portuguese Jews. Still, many Jews faced persecution from English merchants.
Captain Edgar Gaston Furtado Abraham was a British civil servant and judge in India.
Cudjoe, Codjoe or Captain Cudjoe, sometimes spelled Cudjo – corresponding to the Akan day name Kojo, Codjoe or Kwadwo – was a Maroon leader in Jamaica during the time of Nanny of the Maroons. In Twi, Cudjoe or Kojo is the name given to a boy born on a Monday. He has been described as "the greatest of the Maroon leaders."
The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a British colony from 1655, when it was captured by the English Protectorate from the Spanish Empire. Jamaica became a British colony from 1707 and a Crown colony in 1866. The Colony was primarily used for sugarcane production, and experienced many slave rebellions over the course of British rule. Jamaica was granted independence in 1962.
Edward Trelawny was a British colonial administrator and military officer who served as the governor of Jamaica from April 1738 to September 1752. He is best known for his role in signing a treaty with ended the First Maroon War between the British colonial government in Jamaica and the Jamaican Maroons.
Charles Washington Augero Eves, CMG, was a British merchant prominent in the trade between London and the West Indies, and a promoter of the products of Jamaica. He was the honorary commissioner for Jamaica at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London, 1886, and was appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to represent Jamaica at the Colonial Conference of 1887.
Cudjoe's Town was located in the mountains in the southern extremities of the parish of St James, close to the border of Westmoreland, Jamaica.
Montague James was a Maroon leader of Cudjoe's Town in the last decade of eighteenth-century Jamaica. It is possible that Maroon colonel Montague James took his name from the white superintendent of Trelawny Town, John Montague James.
Richard Hill, was a Jamaican lawyer and leader of the free people of colour, when they campaigned for equal rights in the early nineteenth century. In addition to his legal practice, Hill was also a naturalist, a poet, and an educator, as well as an administrator.
Balls Pond Road Cemetery, also known as Jewish Cemetery,Kingsbury Road Cemetery, Balls Pond Burial Ground and The Jewish Burial Ground, is a Jewish cemetery on Kingsbury Road, Canonbury, London N1. It was founded in 1843 and is owned by West London Synagogue. Prominent early members of that place of worship, such as the de Stern, Goldsmid and Mocatta families, are buried in this cemetery. Other notable burials include the ashes of Amy Levy, the first Jewish woman at Cambridge University and the first Jewish woman to be cremated in England. The last burial at the cemetery was in 1951. The cemetery has been Grade II listed since 2020.
William Atherton, was a merchant and wealthy landowner from Lancashire, England, who operated and co-owned sugar plantations in the former Colony of Jamaica. He was a slave owner, as well as an importer of slaves from Africa.
The Lindo family was a Sephardic Jewish merchant and banking family, which rose to prominence in medieval Spain.
Frederick Lindo was a Jamaican merchant, publisher and Member of the Legislative Council.
Abraham Alexander Lindo was a Sephardic Jewish Anglo-Jamaican merchant and planter. After the French Government defaulted on a £560,000 debt owed to Alexandre Lindo, Abraham Lindo was responsible for liquidating his father's assets in hopes of stabilizing the family's financial situation. Further losses came from the abolition of slavery, in which the family was heavily invested, and in sugar crop failures and hurricane damage to their real estate holdings. Nonetheless, Lindo was still considered one of the "remnants of old landed elite" of the island's ruling class.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Phineas Abraham". The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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