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Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral with chemical composition MnCO3. In its pure form (rare), it is typically a rose-red colour, but it can also be shades of pink to pale brown. It streaks white, and its Mohs hardness varies between 3.5 and 4.5. Its specific gravity is between 3.45 and 3.6. It crystallizes in the trigonal system, and cleaves with rhombohedral carbonate cleavage in three directions. The crystal structure of rhodochrosite is a rhombohedral system, which is a subset of the trigonal system. The carbonate ions (CO3) are arranged in a triangular planar configuration, and the manganese ions (Mn) are surrounded by six oxygen ions in an octahedral arrangement. The MnO6 octahedra and CO3 triangles are linked together to form a three-dimensional structure. Crystal twinning often is present. It is often confused with the manganese silicate, rhodonite, but is distinctly softer. Rhodochrosite is formed by the oxidation of manganese ore, and is found in South Africa, China, and the Americas. It is officially listed as one of the National symbols of Argentina.
Tephroite is the manganese endmember of the olivine group of nesosilicate minerals with the formula Mn2SiO4. A solid solution series exists between tephroite and its analogues, the group endmembers fayalite and forsterite. Divalent iron or magnesium may readily replace manganese in the olivine crystal structure.
Tarkwa is a town and is the capital of Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal district, a district in the Western Region southwest of South Ghana. Tarkwa has a population of 34,941 people according to 2013 settlement.
The Ulukent mine is a large mine in the west of Turkey in Denizli Province 405 km (252 mi) west of the capital, Ankara. Ulukent represents the largest manganese reserve in Turkey having estimated reserves of 2.5 million tonnes of manganese.
The Răzoare mine was a large mine in the north of Romania in Maramureș County, 43 km (27 mi) southeast of Baia Mare and 507 km (315 mi) north of the capital, Bucharest. Răzoare represents one of the largest manganese reserve in Romania having estimated reserves of 5 million tonnes of manganese.
The Delinești mine is a large mine in the west of Romania in Caraș-Severin County, 38 km east of Reșița and 448 km west of the capital, Bucharest. Delinești represents one of the largest manganese reserve in Romania having estimated reserves of 7.5 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 20% manganese metal.
The Globurău mine is a large mine in the west of Romania in Caraș-Severin County, 29 km (18 mi) north of Orșova and 392 km (244 mi) west of the capital, Bucharest. Globurău is one of the largest manganese reserves in Romania, with estimated reserves of 3 million tons of manganese.
The Rudăria-Bănia mine is a large open pit mine in the south-western Romania in Caraș-Severin County. Rudăria-Bănia represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 70 million tonnes of ore grading 45% iron metal and 20% manganese metal. The mine has the capability to produce around 500,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.
The Saihangol mine is a mine located in the north of Mongolia. Saihangol represents one of the largest manganese reserve in Mongolia having estimated reserves of 293 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 36.7% manganese metal.
The N'chwaning mine are located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. N'chwaning has one of the largest manganese reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 323.2 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 42.5% manganese. There are three shafts, designated as N'Chwaning, N'Chwaning II and N'Chwaning III. The majority of the major mineral finds documented originate from the N'Chwaning II shaft.
The Gloria mine is a mine located in the north of South Africa. Gloria represents one of the largest manganese reserve in South Africa having estimated reserves of 156.2 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 33% manganese metal.
The Black Rock mine is a mine located at Hotazel in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Black Rock represents one of the largest manganese reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 70.4 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 39% manganese metal.
The Azul mine is a mine in the north of Brazil in Pará. Azul represents one of the largest manganese reserves in Brazil, having estimated reserves of 64.2 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 28% manganese metal.
The Middelplaats mine is a mine located in the west of South Africa in Northern Cape. Middelplaats represents one of the largest manganese reserve in South Africa having estimated reserves of 52 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 38% manganese metal.
The Wessels mine is a mine located in the west of South Africa in Northern Cape. Wessels represents one of the largest manganese reserve in South Africa having estimated reserves of 198.8 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 55% manganese metal.
The Maple Mountain mine is a mine located in the north-east of the United States in Maine. Maple Mountain represents one of the largest manganese reserve in the United States, having estimated reserves of 341 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 9% manganese metal.
The Artillery Peak mine is a mine located in the western United States, about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Alamo Lake in Mohave County, Arizona. Artillery Peak represents one of the largest manganese reserves in the United States, with estimated reserves of 159 million tons of manganese ore graded 3.9% manganese metal.
The Batesville mine is a mine located in the midsouth of the United States in Arkansas. Batesville represents one of the largest manganese reserve in the United States having estimated reserves of 178 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 4% manganese metal.
The Cuyuna Range mine is a mine located in the north of the United States in Minnesota. Cuyuna Range represents one of the largest manganese reserve in the United States having estimated reserves of 247 million tons of manganese ore grading 8% manganese metal.
The Șaru Dornei mine is a mine located in the north of Romania in Suceava County. Șaru Dornei represents one of the largest manganese reserve in the Romania having estimated reserves of 15 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 26% manganese metal.
References
- ↑ "The mineral industry of Greece" (PDF). pravita.com. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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