The Poet and Muse diptych is a Late Antiqueivory diptych that appears to commemorate, and to flatter, the literary pursuits of the aristocrat who commissioned it, so that it stands somewhat apart from the consular diptychs that were carved for distribution to friends and patrons when a man assumed the consular dignity during the later Roman Empire.[1] The original inscription in this example, unusually,[2] will have been carried out on the borders of the reverse side, which was infilled with a layer of wax for writing on, the ivory diptych being a very grand example of a wax tablet; the inscription has not survived, so there can be no way to identify the writer for whom it was made. In the literature that has accumulated about this diptych, various prominent figures have been offered as candidates: Ausonius, Boethius, and Claudian,[3] and even earlier figures, like Ennius and Seneca, with whom the donor wished to be associated[4]
The muse represented is Erato, muse of lyric poetry, with her usual attribute, the cithara, which she rests upon an ornately fluted column. The poet on the facing panel is seated, roused from his contemplation by the inspiring presence of his Muse. His writings, a scroll and writing tablets or small codices, lie scattered at his feet. His face is carefully characterized as a portrait,[5] a man of middle age, balding, his features furrowed in thought. The classicizing realism and the iconographic situation, and the complete absence of any Christian symbolism whatsoever — Christian authors write under the inspiration of angels — combine to suggest a man who has been schooled in the pagan tradition, which no longer led to the traditional public cursus honorum, however, by the 5th century, and would instead have implied a man who was living secluded from public life, which had become resolutely Christian.[6] W.F. Volbach characterized this as a "private" diptych, with the implication of a limited public, perhaps even retained by its patron;[7] Delbrueck held it apart from the consular diptychs he published[8] and published it separately, noting that it was difficult to ascertain the purpose and occasion for its facture.[9]
↑ The Poet and Muse diptych was briefly discussed and illustrated (p. 18, fig. 10) in Kathleen J. Shelton, "The Consular Muse of Flavius Constantius" The Art Bulletin65.1 (March 1983), pp. 7-23.
↑ In the ordinary layout the inscription runs unbroken, from left to right across the raised top framing of both leaves legible when the diptych was fully opened.
↑ Identifications with the court poet Claudian involve moving the date of this diptych impossibly far back in time, to ca 400 CE, inconsonant with its artistic style.
↑ The delineation of the particularity of his features is a pagan, not a Christian concern; "The whole temper of the new religion was opposed to anything in the nature of an image or idol: its aim was to represent ideas, not isolated figures", succinctly observes Serdar Hizli, "The Constantinian Basilicas - Sculpture".
Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. In the time of the Roman Empire, individuals fell into the pagan class either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population, or because they were not milites Christi. Alternative terms used in Christian texts were hellene, gentile, and heathen. Ritual sacrifice was an integral part of ancient Graeco-Roman religion and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian. Paganism has broadly connoted the "religion of the peasantry".
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Ancient Celtic religion, commonly known as Celtic paganism, was the religion of the ancient Celtic peoples of Europe. Because there are no extant native records of their beliefs, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts, and literature from the early Christian period. Celtic paganism was one of a larger group of polytheistic Indo-European religions of Iron Age Europe.
A wax tablet is a tablet made of wood and covered with a layer of wax, often linked loosely to a cover tablet, as a "double-leaved" diptych. It was used as a reusable and portable writing surface in antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Cicero's letters make passing reference to the use of cerae, and some examples of wax-tablets have been preserved in waterlogged deposits in the Roman fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall. Medieval wax tablet books are on display in several European museums.
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