Pole cells are the cells that form at both the anterior and posterior poles of the Drosophila egg, which begin the adult germ cells. [1] The posterior pole cells will eventually form the germline of the Drosophila. [2] The cytoplasm (also known as pole plasm) in the pole cells both helps the cells bud [3] and can trigger germ cell specialization [4] . Though much of the experimentation on pole cells has slowed, the previous research done has provided answers as to how pole cells are formed and ways to see them using molecular imaging techniques.
In early Drosophila development, the embryo passes through mitosis (with thirteen nuclear divisions) but without cytokinesis, which results in a multinucleate cell, specifically a coenocyte [5] . The pole plasm assembles at the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo, allowing determination of the abdominal patterning. This plasm in the pole is different from the plasm that is found in the blastoderm, as it is less dense, but other features of the plasm remain similar. [6] Late in oogenesis, polar organelles, which are electro-negative granules, are in the pole plasm. When the pole plasm further matures, it continues to consist of polar granules into the development of germ cells, which develop into adult germ cells. [7] Trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like serine [8] protease (types of enzymes that assist in the digestion of proteins [8] ) activity occurs less than 2 hours after the budding of the pole cells from the pole plasm, and ending just prior to the movement of the pole cells via gastrulation. [8] The patterning of the pole cells are determined by the activation of oskar, which acts in the determination of body patterning segments. [9] Specifically, long oskar helps keep the mitochondria in the posterior pole, and thus allows the germline to form correctly. [4] The number of pole cells in each organism is dependent on the amount of oskar present in the polar plasm [10] , and though pole cells can give rise to primordial germ cells, not all pole cells will become them. [4] Pole cells begin their migration in a cluster in the midgut primordium. To reach their final destination, pole cells must migrate through the epithelial wall. It is known that the cells migrate through the epithelial wall, but little is known about the mechanisms used to do so. [11]
Sometimes, pole cells will not form correctly. This can happen because of a multitude of things, for example if oskar is not present in the pole plasm, then the cell will not be able to maintain osk mRNA localization, which means the pole plasm will not produce pole cells. [12]
Pole cells primary function is to ensure the proper formation of the germline in adult Drosophila [2] . Should the pole cells not be present or not develop properly, the Drosophila won’t form the proper abdominal or reproductive cells. [2] It is important that the germline develops correctly because the germline is what allows the organism to reproduce and pass their traits on to the next generation. [12] In order to make sure that all parts of the Drosophila develop properly, a molecular gradient is created with RNAs [2] . Learning about pole cells in Drosophila is important because it allows scientists to make predictions about the pole cells of other animals, such as frogs, worms, and zebrafish. [2] [10]
Though pole cells have been known since at least the early 1900's, little experimentation has been done and documented as the cells are extremely small and develop very quickly, while also having a shell that is hard to pierce. [10] Some more notable experiments are:
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