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Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.
Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects the cerebellum, an area of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision. As peripheral vision worsens, people may experience "tunnel vision". Complete blindness is uncommon. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual and often begins in childhood.
Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS), oculocraniosomatic disorder or oculocranionsomatic neuromuscular disorder with ragged red fibers is a mitochondrial myopathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age. KSS is a more severe syndromic variant of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, a syndrome that is characterized by isolated involvement of the muscles controlling movement of the eyelid and eye. This results in ptosis and ophthalmoplegia respectively. KSS involves a combination of the already described CPEO as well as pigmentary retinopathy in both eyes and cardiac conduction abnormalities. Other symptoms may include cerebellar ataxia, proximal muscle weakness, deafness, diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and other endocrinopathies. In both of these diseases, muscle involvement may begin unilaterally but always develops into a bilateral deficit, and the course is progressive. This discussion is limited specifically to the more severe and systemically involved variant.
Behr syndrome is characterized by the association of early-onset optic atrophy with spinocerebellar degeneration resulting in ataxia, pyramidal signs, peripheral neuropathy and developmental delay.
Neuroacanthocytosis is a label applied to several genetic neurological conditions in which the blood contains misshapen, spiculated red blood cells called acanthocytes.
Laurence–Moon syndrome (LMS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with retinitis pigmentosa, spastic paraplegia, and mental disabilities.
Dejerine–Sottas disease, also known as, Dejerine–Sottas syndrome, hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy type III, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 3, is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves, demyelination, and resulting progressive muscle wasting and somatosensory loss. The condition is caused by mutations in various genes and currently has no known cure.
Twinkle protein also known as twinkle mtDNA helicase is a mitochondrial protein that in humans is encoded by the TWNK gene located in the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24.31).
Sacsin also known as DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 29 (DNAJC29) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SACS gene. Sacsin is a Hsp70 co-chaperone.
Hemicentin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMCN1 gene.
Gillespie syndrome, also called aniridia, cerebellar ataxia and mental deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder. The disorder is characterized by partial aniridia, ataxia, and, in most cases, intellectual disability. It is heterogeneous, inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Gillespie syndrome was first described by American ophthalmologist Fredrick Gillespie in 1965.
Oculomotor apraxia (OMA) is the absence or defect of controlled, voluntary, and purposeful eye movement. It was first described in 1952 by the American ophthalmologist David Glendenning Cogan. People with this condition have difficulty moving their eyes horizontally and moving them quickly. The main difficulty is in saccade initiation, but there is also impaired cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Patients have to turn their head in order to compensate for the lack of eye movement initiation in order to follow an object or see objects in their peripheral vision, but they often exceed their target. There is controversy regarding whether OMA should be considered an apraxia, since apraxia is the inability to perform a learned or skilled motor action to command, and saccade initiation is neither a learned nor a skilled action.
Huntington's disease-like syndromes are a family of inherited neurodegenerative diseases that closely resemble Huntington's disease (HD) in that they typically produce a combination of chorea, cognitive decline or dementia and behavioural or psychiatric problems.
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia describes a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and a clinical phenotype involving cerebellar ataxia.
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy (ADCADN) is a rare progressive genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system and is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, narcolepsy with cataplexy, and dementia later in life. People with this disorder usually start showing symptoms when they are in their early-mid adulthoods. It is a type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia.
Muscular atrophy-ataxia-retinitis pigmentosa-diabetes mellitus syndrome, also known as Kurukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by muscular atrophy, cerebellar ataxia, reduced sense of touch, retinal degeneration, and diabetes mellitus beginning in late childhood-early adolescence. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It has been described in 10 members from a large 4-generation Japanese family (1986).
PRICKLE1-related progressive myoclonus epilepsy with ataxia is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia.
Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis, also known as SANDO syndrome, is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by ocular and nerve anomalies.
A heme transporter is a protein that delivers heme to the various parts of a biological cell that require it.
References
- ↑ Berciano J, Polo JM (December 1998). "Autosomal recessive posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa". Neurology. 51 (6): 1772–3. doi:10.1212/wnl.51.6.1772-a. PMID 9855554. S2CID 46553303.
- ↑ Rajadhyaksha AM, Elemento O, Puffenberger EG, Schierberl KC, Xiang JZ, Putorti ML, Berciano J, Poulin C, Brais B, Michaelides M, Weleber RG, Higgins JJ (November 2010). "Mutations in FLVCR1 cause posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (5): 643–54. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.013. PMC 2978959 . PMID 21070897.
- ↑ "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man:FLCVR1". omim.org.
- ↑ Higgins JJ, Morton DH, Patronas N, Nee LE (December 1997). "An autosomal recessive disorder with posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa". Neurology. 49 (6): 1717–20. doi:10.1212/wnl.49.6.1717. PMID 9409377. S2CID 20619175.