Alternative names | North-East Bronze or Northeastern Bronze |
---|---|
Geographical range | provinces of Lleida, Barcelona and Girona, departments of Pyrénees-Orientales and Aude |
Period | Early Bronze Age |
Dates | c. 2300–1650 BC |
Preceded by | Bell Beaker culture, Veraza culture |
Followed by | Urnfield culture |
The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is an archaeological facies that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude. [1]
From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 a.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle. [2]
Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra).
Advanced bronze metallurgy was developed: flat axes, [3] [4] needles, rivet daggers, arrowheads, as well as a diadem and two spiral bracelets found in the Montanissell cave. Possibly many of the techniques used had a North Italian origin in the Polada culture (2200-1600 BC). [5] [6]
Several funeral formats were used:
With regard to the megalithic traditions of the Pyrenean Bronze Age, the menhir and cromlech of Mas Baleta (La Jonquera, Girona) also must be included. [18]
Some individuals who lived in the Pyrenean Bronze area were geneticaly tested. From the collective funerary cave known as Grotte Basse de la Vigne Perdue, near Narbonne, an individual was assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z195 (being its ancestor Haplogroup R-DF27). [19] Also from another collective funerary cave, the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona), a male from the mid of the second millennium was assigned to Y-chromosome R1b-P310. Another individual from the Can Roqueta II necropolis in Sabadell (Barcelona), was from the subclade R1b-P312. [20] A male buried in the collective inhumation hypogeum found in Miquel Vives street (Terrassa, Barcelona), also was assigned to R1b-P310. [21]
Vallès Occidental is a comarca (county) in the Barcelona region in Catalonia (Spain). It has two capitals, Sabadell and Terrassa. Along with Vallès Oriental, it forms the historical Vallès region.
Catalonia is internally divided into eight regional divisions, known in Catalan as vegueries, following the regional plan of Catalonia. Each vegueria is further divided into comarques and municipalities, with the exception of the Aran Valley, considered a "unique territorial entity".
Vilafranca del Penedès, or simply Vilafranca, is the capital of the comarca of the Alt Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. The Spanish form of the name, Villafranca del Panadés, is no longer in official use since 1982. It is situated in the Penedès Depression on the left bank of the Foix River, and on the main axis of communication from Barcelona to Tarragona and Valencia, served by a Rodalies Barcelona line 4 and by the AP-7 autopista as well as by the C-243 towards Sant Sadurní d'Anoia, and C-15 roads to Vilanova i la Geltrú and Igualada respectively.
Sant Vicenç dels Horts is a municipality in the Province of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the right bank of the Llobregat river, on the N-340 road from Molins de Rei to Vilafranca del Penedès. The main rail lines of the Llobregat corridor pass through the town: the station is served by the FGC services S4, S7, S8, S33, R5 and R6. The remains of an Iberic village are visible at Puig Castellar.
El Papiol is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Llobregat river, on the A-7 autopista from Valencia to La Jonquera and the C-1413 road from Sabadell to Molins de Rei. At West it borders on Castellbisbal and Pallejà, at North on Valldoreix and at East on Molins de Rei. It is served by the Renfe railway line R4 from Barcelona to Martorell, Vilafranca del Penedès and Sant Vicenç de Calders, which is connected to the village center by a minibus service. It is also served by a bus service (L67) and a night bus service (N51) from Barcelona to Esparreguera.
Olèrdola is a municipality in the comarca of the Alt Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the northern side of the Garraf massif, and the highest point of the municipality is the Puig de l'Àliga at 468 m.
The Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Sant Feliu de Llobregat in the Ecclesiastical province of Barcelona in Spain.
The R4 is a line of Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs northwards from the northern limits of the province of Tarragona to Barcelona, passing through the inland Alt Penedès region. The line then continues towards central Catalonia, describing a U-shaped route through the Barcelona area. According to 2008 data, the line's average weekday ridership is 105,935, the highest on any line of the Barcelona commuter rail service after the R2.
Rail transport in Catalonia operates on three rail gauges and services are operated by a variety of public operators:
The Marraco is a dragon or frightening creature in Catalan myth in the city of Lleida. It possessed a mouth wide enough to swallow a human whole according to tales told to frighten children.
Llorenç may refer to:
The Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network, also known as Catalonia’s Biggest Museum, is a tool for support and collaboration from and for the museums of the province, which makes available to municipalities a series of services and actions aimed at improving, through the provision of direct services and research into viable formulas for supramunicipal cooperation, the management, conservation and dissemination of heritage and the museum facilities of the towns of Barcelona province. It is managed from the Cultural Heritage Office, which in turn depends on the Department of Knowledge and New Technologies of Barcelona Provincial Council.
The Casa de la Festa Major de Vilafranca del Penedès, located in the old chicken and giblets market, is a space that gathers together the rich folklore of the Vilafranca del Penedès town festival(Catalan: festa major), held between 28 August and 3 September, to honour the feast day of Sant Fèlix. Municipally owned, it is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network.
The Catalan Wine Cultures Museum or VINSEUM is a museum situated in an antique house-palace of the monarchs of the Crown of Aragon, in Vilafranca del Penedès Barcelona, Spain. It was formerly known as the Vilafranca del Penedès Museum.
Joan Comas Pausas was a Spanish painter, menswear trader and technical architect.
Helena Bonet Rosado is a Spanish archaeologist who specialises in Iberian material culture. She has published two books and numerous articles and chapters on Iberian archaeology. She is currently the Director of the Prehistory Museum of Valencia.
El Argar is an Early Bronze Age culture developed in the southeastern end of the Iberian Peninsula. It is believed to have been active from about 2200 B.C. to 1500 B.C. The people developed sophisticated pottery and ceramic techniques that they traded with other Mediterranean tribes.
The Veraza Culture was a Chalcolithic culture that extended over the half north of Catalonia and the southern French departments of Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales, in a period between 3500 and 2000 BC.
The Sepulcres de Fossa culture, was established in Catalonia in the Middle Neolithic and remained there until the beginning of the third millennium BC. Although initially this culture was linked to the Almeria culture, nowadays it is believed that it was related to the Cortaillod culture of Switzerland, the Lagozza culture of northern Italy, and the Chasseen culture found in French territory.
Named after its regional range, the Levantine Bronze Age refers to a culture extended over the actual territory of the Valencian Community, in the "Levante" or eastern side of the Iberian peninsula. Its chronological range was between 2200 BC and 1500 BC.
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