Pyrenean Bronze

Last updated
Pyrenean Bronze
Alternative namesNorth-East Bronze or Northeastern Bronze
Geographical rangeprovinces of Lleida, Barcelona and Girona, departments of Pyrénees-Orientales and Aude
Period Early Bronze Age
Datesc. 2300–1650 BC
Preceded by Bell Beaker culture, Veraza culture
Followed by Urnfield culture

The Pyrenean Bronze (also known as Northeastern Bronze) is a regional European Bronze Age culture, known from archaeological facies, that spread through the Spanish provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Lleida and the eastern half of Huesca; also it spread through the French departments of the Pyrenees-Orientales and Aude. [1]

Contents

From the Bell Beaker culture (2750-2300 BC), two regional styles appeared in Catalonia, one being the Pyrenean and the other the Salomó (from which the North-East Group was derived). These two styles coexisted at the same time in the provinces of Barcelona and the south of Lleida. From 1650 A.C. the Pyrenean ceramic style gave way to carinated cups, to pots with smooth or digitated cords, as well as to vessels with button appendages on the handle. [2]

Few settlements are known: Lo Lladre (Llo, Pyrenees-Orientales), Collet de Brics (Ardèvol, Lleida), Institut A. Pous (Manlleu, Barcelona), Roques del Sarró (Lleida), Cedre (Santa Coloma, Andorra).

Advanced bronze metallurgy was developed: flat axes, [3] [4] needles, rivet daggers, arrowheads, as well as a diadem and two spiral bracelets found in the Montanissell cave. Possibly many of the techniques used had a North Italian origin in the Polada culture (2200–1600 BC). [5] [6]

Dolmen of Molers, in Saldes Dolmen de Molers.jpg
Dolmen of Molers, in Saldes
Dolmen of Maioles, in Rubio Dolmen de les Maioles, 28.8.10 (27).JPG
Dolmen of Maioles, in Rubió
Carinated bowl with epicampaniforme decoration, from La Riba site (Sant Just Desvern, Barcelona) Carinated bowl MACatalunya Inv26000.jpg
Carinated bowl with epicampaniforme decoration, from La Riba site (Sant Just Desvern, Barcelona)

Several funeral formats were used:

With regard to the megalithic traditions of the Pyrenean Bronze Age, the menhir and cromlech of Mas Baleta (La Jonquera, Girona) also must be included. [18]

Genetic profile

Some individuals who lived in the Pyrenean Bronze area were geneticaly tested. From the collective funerary cave known as Grotte Basse de la Vigne Perdue, near Narbonne, an individual was assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z195 (being its ancestor Haplogroup R-DF27). [19] Also from another collective funerary cave, the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona), a male from the middle of the second millennium was assigned to Y-chromosome R1b-P310. Another individual from the Can Roqueta II necropolis in Sabadell (Barcelona), was from the subclade R1b-P312. [20] A male buried in the collective inhumation hypogeum found in Miquel Vives street (Terrassa, Barcelona), also was assigned to R1b-P310. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vallès Occidental</span> Comarca in Catalonia, Spain

Vallès Occidental is a comarca (county) in the Barcelona region in Catalonia (Spain). It has two capitals, Sabadell and Terrassa. Along with Vallès Oriental, it forms the historical Vallès region.

<i>Vegueries of Catalonia</i> Internal administrative territorial jurisdiction of Catalonia

Catalonia is internally divided into eight regional divisions, known in Catalan as vegueries, following the regional plan of Catalonia. Each vegueria is further divided into comarques and municipalities, with the exception of the Aran Valley, considered a "unique territorial entity".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vilafranca del Penedès</span> Municipality in Catalonia, Spain

Vilafranca del Penedès, or simply Vilafranca, is the capital of Alt Penedès county in Penedès, Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the Penedès Depression on the left bank of the Foix River, and on the main axis of communication from Barcelona to Tarragona and Valencia, served by a Rodalies Barcelona line 4 and by the AP-7 autopista as well as by the C-243 towards Sant Sadurní d'Anoia, and C-15 roads to Vilanova i la Geltrú and Igualada respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Papiol</span> Municipality in Catalonia, Spain

El Papiol is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Llobregat river, on the A-7 autopista from Valencia to La Jonquera and the C-1413 road from Sabadell to Molins de Rei. At West it borders on Castellbisbal and Pallejà, at North on Valldoreix and at East on Molins de Rei. It is served by the Renfe railway line R4 from Barcelona to Martorell, Vilafranca del Penedès and Sant Vicenç de Calders, which is connected to the village center by a minibus service. It is also served by a bus service (L67) and a night bus service (N51) from Barcelona to Esparreguera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olèrdola</span> Municipality in Catalonia, Spain

Olèrdola is a municipality in the comarca of the Alt Penedès in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the northern side of the Garraf massif, and the highest point of the municipality is the Puig de l'Àliga at 468 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penedès</span> Natural and historical region of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain

Penedès is a natural and historical region of Catalonia. It is located in the south of the Principality of Catalonia between the pre-coastal mountain range and the Mediterranean Sea. The comarcal division of the Generalitat de Catalunya in 1936 and 1987, divided Penedès into three administrative comarques: Alt Penedès, Baix Penedès and Garraf, and their capitals are Vilafranca del Penedès, el Vendrell and Vilanova i la Geltrú.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Catholic Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat</span> Roman Catholic diocese in Spain

The Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Sant Feliu de Llobregat in the ecclesiastical province of Barcelona in Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R4 (Rodalies de Catalunya)</span>

The R4 is a line of Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service, operated by Renfe Operadora. It runs northwards from the northern limits of the province of Tarragona to Barcelona, passing through the inland Alt Penedès region. The line then continues towards central Catalonia, describing a U-shaped route through the Barcelona area. According to 2008 data, the line's average weekday ridership is 105,935, the highest on any line of the Barcelona commuter rail service after the R2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport in Catalonia</span> Railway system in Catalonia

Rail transport in Catalonia operates on three rail gauges and services are operated by a variety of public operators:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marraco</span> Catalonian mythological creature

The Marraco is a dragon or frightening creature in Catalan myth in the city of Lleida. It possessed a mouth wide enough to swallow a human whole according to tales told to frighten children.

Llorenç may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network</span>

The Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network, also known as Catalonia’s Biggest Museum, is a tool for support and collaboration from and for the museums of the province, which makes available to municipalities a series of services and actions aimed at improving, through the provision of direct services and research into viable formulas for supramunicipal cooperation, the management, conservation and dissemination of heritage and the museum facilities of the towns of Barcelona province. It is managed from the Cultural Heritage Office, which in turn depends on the Department of Knowledge and New Technologies of Barcelona Provincial Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casa de la Festa Major de Vilafranca del Penedès</span>

The Casa de la Festa Major de Vilafranca del Penedès, located in the old chicken and giblets market, is a space that gathers together the rich folklore of the Vilafranca del Penedès town festival(Catalan: festa major), held between 28 August and 3 September, to honour the feast day of Sant Fèlix. Municipally owned, it is part of the Barcelona Provincial Council Local Museum Network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vinseum – Catalan Wine Cultures Museum</span> Wine museum in Barcelona

The Catalan Wine Cultures Museum or VINSEUM is a museum situated in an antique house-palace of the monarchs of the Crown of Aragon, in Vilafranca del Penedès Barcelona, Spain. It was formerly known as the Vilafranca del Penedès Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joan Comas Pausas</span> Spanish painter

Joan Comas Pausas was a Spanish painter, menswear trader and technical architect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lloma de Betxí</span>

The Lloma de Betxí is a Bronze Age archaeological site in the municipality of Paterna (Valencian Community. It is on the top of a hill at 99m over the sea level and 30m over the surroundings. It is in the county of Paterna, nearby the Turia river, close to Valencia city. The chronology of the site: 1800 – 1300 B.C., part of the Valencian Bronze Age.

Helena Bonet Rosado is a Spanish archaeologist who specialises in Iberian material culture. She has published two books and numerous articles and chapters on Iberian archaeology. She is currently the Director of the Prehistory Museum of Valencia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Véraza culture</span>

The Veraza Culture was a Chalcolithic culture that extended over the half north of Catalonia and the southern French departments of Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales, in a period between 3500 and 2000 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sepulcres de fossa culture</span> Neolithic archaeological culture

The Sepulcres de Fossa culture, was established in Catalonia in the Middle Neolithic and remained there until the beginning of the third millennium BC. Although initially this culture was linked to the Almeria culture, nowadays it is believed that it was related to the Cortaillod culture of Switzerland, the Lagozza culture of northern Italy, and the Chasseen culture found in French territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Levantine Bronze Age</span> Culture of eastern Spain, 2200–1500 BC

Named after its regional range, the Levantine Bronze Age refers to a culture extended over the actual territory of the Valencian Community, in the "Levante" or eastern side of the Iberian peninsula. Its chronological range was between 2200 BC and 1500 BC.

References

  1. ↑ Maya, J. L. (1992). "Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in Catalonia. In: AA.VV. Aragon/Mediterranean Coast. Cultural exchanges during Prehistory. In Homage to Juan Maluquer de Motes". Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico: 515–554.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ BARCELÓ, JOAN A. (2008). "THE CHRONO-CULTURAL SEQUENCE OF CATALAN PREHISTORY. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RADIOMETRIC DATING FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE HOLOCENE TO THE IRON AGE". Cypsela. 17: 65–88.
  3. ↑ Martin De La Cruz, J. C. (2003). "Els grups del neolític final, calcolític i bronze antic. Els inicis de la metalúrgia". Cota Zero. 18: 76–105.
  4. ↑ Soriano, Ignacio; Amorós i Gurrera, Jordi (30 December 2014). "Moldes para puñales en la Península Ibérica durante la Edad del Bronce. El caso de Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Alt Penedès, Barcelona)". Trabajos de Prehistoria. 71 (2): 368–385. doi: 10.3989/tp.2014.12140 .
  5. ↑ Martin De La Cruz, J. C. (2003). "The groups of the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Old Bronze. The beginnings of metallurgy". Cota Zero. 18: 76–105.
  6. ↑ Soriano, Ignacio; Escanilla, Nicolau (30 June 2016). "Can Mur (Barcelona). Crisoles con sistema de prensión y la metalurgia de la Edad del Bronce en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica". Trabajos de Prehistoria. 73 (1): 160–179. doi: 10.3989/tp.2016.12169 .
  7. ↑ Soriano, Ignacio; Amorós i Gurrera, Jordi (30 December 2014). "Moldes para puñales en la Península Ibérica durante la Edad del Bronce. El caso de Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Alt Penedès, Barcelona)". Trabajos de Prehistoria. 71 (2): 368–385. doi: 10.3989/tp.2014.12140 .
  8. ↑ Carlús Martín, Xavier (2014–2016). "L'Establiment calcolític de Bosc del Quer (Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Osona, Barcelona). Estudi de les principals estructures i de les ceràmiques d'estil campaniforme". Cypsela. 20: 63–84.
  9. ↑ Bouso, Mònica (2004). "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO EARLY BRONZE SETTLEMENTS IN THE CATALAN PRELITTORAL DEPRESSION: CAN ROQUETA II (SABADELL, VALLÈS OCCIDENTAL) AND MAS D'EN BOIXOS-1 (PACS DEL PENEDÈS, ALT PENEDÈS)". Cypsela (15): 73–101.
  10. ↑ Soriano, Ignacio (2014). "The geminated vase from Camp Cinzano (Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona) and the northeast - levante - Ebro Valley relations during the Bronze Age". Revista d'Arqueologia de Ponent (24): 9–25.
  11. ↑ Morán, Marta (2002). "A cist grave in the Miarnau Valley (Llardecans, Lérida)". Bolskan (19): 37–51.
  12. ↑ Vergès, Josep Maria (2016–2017). "LA COVA DELS GALLS CARBONERS (MONT-RAL, ALT CAMP), UNA CAVITAT D'INHUMACIÓ COL·LECTIVA DURANT L'EDAT DEL BRONZE". Butlletí Arqueològic. V (38–39): 17–43.
  13. ↑ Daura, Joan; Sanz, Montserrat; Soriano, Ignacio; Pedro, Mireia; Rubio, Ángel; Oliva, Mònica; Francisco Gibaja, Juan; Queralt, Ignasi; Álvarez, Ramon; López-Cachero, F. Javier (21 July 2017). "Objetos de oro y epicampaniforme en la Cova del Gegant. Relaciones en la costa mediterránea de la Península Ibérica durante la Edad del Bronce". Trabajos de Prehistoria. 74 (1): 149. doi: 10.3989/tp.2017.12188 . hdl: 2445/120339 .
  14. ↑ López, Joan B. (2005). "Cova de Montanissell (Sallent - Coll de Nargó, Alt Urgell). Operació: "Senyora de les muntanyes"". Cota Zero (20): 27–36.
  15. ↑ Cura Morera, Miguel (1987). "Origen i evolució del megalitisme a les comarques centrals i occidentals de Catalunya I: Del neolític mitjà a l'edat de bronze". Cota Zero (3): 76–83.
  16. ↑ Vilardell, Rosó (1987). "Origen i evolució del megalitisme a les comarques centrals i occidentals de Catalunya II: L'edat de bronze". Cota Zero (3): 84–91.
  17. ↑ Galter, Josep Tarrús (11 January 2003). "Els constructors de megàlits a Catalunya : cistes i dòlmens entre els millennis V-III cal aC". Cota zero: Revista d'arqueologia i ciència: 54–75. ISSN   2385-3190.
  18. ↑ Tarrús i Galter, Josep (2021). "El megalitisme a Catalunya: una breu visió general". Catalan Historical Review (14): 9–20. doi:10.2436/20.1000.01.173.
  19. ↑ Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Donat, Richard; Der Sarkissian, Clio; Southon, John; Thèves, Catherine; Manen, Claire; Tchérémissinoff, Yaramila; Crubézy, Eric; Shapiro, Beth; Deleuze, Jean-François; Dalén, Love; Guilaine, Jean; Orlando, Ludovic (March 2021). "Heterogeneous Hunter-Gatherer and Steppe-Related Ancestries in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker Genomes from Present-Day France". Current Biology. 31 (5): 1072–1083.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.015 . PMID   33434506. S2CID   231579488.
  20. ↑ Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC   6436108 . PMID   30872528.
  21. ↑ Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Oliart, Camila; Rihuete-Herrada, Cristina; Childebayeva, Ainash; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fregeiro, María Inés; Celdrán Beltrán, Eva; Velasco-Felipe, Carlos; Aron, Franziska; Himmel, Marie; Freund, Caecilia; Alt, Kurt W.; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; García Atiénzar, Gabriel; de Miguel Ibáñez, Ma. Paz; Hernández Pérez, Mauro S.; Barciela, Virginia; Romero, Alejandro; Ponce, Juana; Martínez, Andrés; Lomba, Joaquín; Soler, Jorge; Martínez, Ana Pujante; Avilés Fernández, Azucena; Haber-Uriarte, María; Roca de Togores Muñoz, Consuelo; Olalde, Iñigo; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes; García Sanjuán, Leonardo; Lull, Vicente; Micó, Rafael; Risch, Roberto; Haak, Wolfgang (19 November 2021). "Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia". Science Advances. 7 (47). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi7038. hdl: 10810/54399 . PMID   34788096. S2CID   244385333.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.