R405 (South Africa)

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SA road R405.svg
Regional route R405
Location
Country South Africa
Highway system
SA road R404.svg R404 SA road R406.svg R406

The R405 is a Regional Route in South Africa. Its southern terminus is the N2 at Mount Frere in the Eastern Cape. It runs north-west to meet the R56 midway between Mount Fletcher and Matatiele.

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A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcano eruption. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the rock above the magma chamber is gone. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface. Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur each century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times per century. Only seven caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2016. More recently, a caldera collapse occurred at Kīlauea, Hawaii in 2018.

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