Raja bendahara

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Raja bendahara (Jawi: راج بندهار) was a Malay title for the monarch of the Pahang Kingdom that existed from 1770 to 1881. The title is a combination of the Sanskrit word raja ('king') and bendahara ('grand vizier'). The successive bendaharas of the Johor Empire ruled Pahang as a fief from the late 17th century. By the end of 18th century, the Bendahara emerged as an absolute ruler over the fief, carrying the title 'Raja', [1] following the decentralisation of Sultan's power and the dismemberment of the empire. [2]

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Origin

In classical Malay kingdoms, a bendahara was the most important and highest administrative position in royal court, serving as the chief of all ministers. As a royal adviser, a bendahara was appointed by the raja and was dismissible only by the raja himself. The position was hereditary and candidates were selected from the male descendants of the Bendahara family.

The transition of the bendahara into royalty began in the late 17th century, when the last ruler of Johor from the Malacca dynasty, Mahmud Shah II died without a male heir. Tun Abdul Jalil, the Bendahara of Johor, became the next Sultan of Johor, assuming the title Abdul Jalil Shah IV. During his reign, the eastern state of Pahang was established as a special province of the Bendahara family and ruled directly by the successive bendaharas of the empire. Self-rule was established during the reign of Tun Abdul Majid when the state's status was changed from a tanah pegangan (a fief) to tanah kurnia ('granted land'), [3] thus the ruling bendahara acquired the title raja ('king') in Pahang, also known as raja bendahara'. [4]

List of Raja Bendahara of Pahang

NameJawi NameReignal titleReign
Tun Abdul Majid II تون عبد المجيدSri Paduka Dato' Bendahara Paduka Raja1770–1802
Tun Muhammad II تون محمدSri Paduka Dato' Bendahara Sri Maharaja1802–1803
Tun Koris I تون قرظSri Paduka Dato’ Bendahara Paduka Raja1803–1806
Tun Ali تون عليSri Paduka Dato’ Bendahara Sewa Raja1806–1847
Tun Muhammad Tahir II تون محمد طاهرSri Paduka Dato’ Bendahara Sri Maharaja1847–1863
Tun Ahmad تون أحمدSri Paduka Dato’ Bendahara Sewa Raja1863–1881

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