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In the United States,education is provided in public and private schools and by individuals through homeschooling. State governments set overall educational standards,often mandate standardized tests for K–12 public school systems and supervise,usually through a board of regents,state colleges,and universities. The bulk of the $1.3 trillion in funding comes from state and local governments,with federal funding accounting for about $260 billion in 2021 compared to around $200 billion in past years.
The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. Since its debut in 1926,its name and scoring have changed several times. For much of its history,it was called the Scholastic Aptitude Test and had two components,Verbal and Mathematical,each of which was scored on a range from 200 to 800. Later it was called the Scholastic Assessment Test,then the SAT I:Reasoning Test,then the SAT Reasoning Test,then simply the SAT.
Grutter v. Bollinger,539 U.S. 306 (2003),was a landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action in student admissions. The Court held that a student admissions process that favors "underrepresented minority groups" did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause so long as it took into account other factors evaluated on an individual basis for every applicant. The decision largely upheld the Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978),which allowed race to be a consideration in admissions policy but held racial quotas to be unconstitutional. In Gratz v. Bollinger (2003),a separate case decided on the same day as Grutter,the Court struck down a points-based admissions system that awarded an automatic bonus to the admissions scores of minority applicants.
A standardized test is a test that is administered and scored in a consistent,or "standard",manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined,standard manner.
Educational assessment or educational evaluation is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge,skill,attitudes,aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. Assessment data can be obtained by examining student work directly to assess the achievement of learning outcomes or it is based on data from which one can make inferences about learning. Assessment is often used interchangeably with test but is not limited to tests. Assessment can focus on the individual learner,the learning community,a course,an academic program,the institution,or the educational system as a whole. The word "assessment" came into use in an educational context after the Second World War.
The College Board,styled as CollegeBoard,is an American not-for-profit organization that was formed in December 1899 as the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) to expand access to higher education. While the College Board is not an association of colleges,it runs a membership association of institutions,including over 6,000 schools,colleges,universities,and other educational organizations.
University admission or college admission is the process through which students enter tertiary education at universities and colleges. Systems vary widely from country to country,and sometimes from institution to institution.
Deborah Meier is an American educator often considered the founder of the modern small schools movement. After spending several years as a kindergarten teacher in Chicago,Philadelphia and then New York City,in 1974,Meier became the founder and director of the alternative Central Park East school,which embraced progressive ideals in the tradition of John Dewey in an effort to provide better education for children in East Harlem,within the New York City public school system.
The American Educational Research Association is a professional organization representing education researchers in the United States and around the world. AERA's mission is to advance knowledge about education and promote the use of research in educational practice.
College admissions in the United States refers to the process of applying for entrance to institutions of higher education for undergraduate study at one of the nation's colleges or universities. For those who intend to attend college immediately after high school,the college search usually begins in the eleventh grade with most activity taking place during the twelfth grade. Applications to many schools are due in October or November of senior year for Early Decision or Early Action,or in December or January of their senior year for Regular Decision,though the timeline may vary depending on the universities,some having an earlier deadline due to the fact that the admissions process may weigh in more on transcripts. Students at top high schools may often begin the process during their tenth grade or earlier. There are considerable numbers of students who transfer from one college to another,as well as adults older than high school age who apply to college.
IvyWise is a for-profit New York-based firm of educational consultants that assists students pursuing admission to college. IvyWise counselors also work with students applying to nursery school,elementary school,high school/boarding school,and graduate or professional schools.
Nancy Cole is an educational psychologist and expert on educational assessment. Cole is past president of the American Educational Research Association and the Educational Testing Service (ETS),and former Dean of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She earned her Ph.D. in psychology from the University of North Carolina. Her undergraduate education in psychology was at Rice University.
The National Center for Fair &Open Testing,also known as FairTest,is an American educational policy organization that opposes standardized testing and their use in university admission.
Delaine Andree Eastin was an American politician and educator from California. A professor by education,she was the first woman to be elected California State Superintendent of Public Instruction (1995–2003) since the office was first held in January 1851. Eastin represented parts of Alameda County and Santa Clara County in the California State Assembly between 1986 and 1994. She was a member of the Democratic Party.
Liberal arts colleges in the United States are undergraduate institutions of higher education in the United States that focus on a liberal arts education. The Encyclopædia Britannica Concise defines liberal arts as a "college or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities,in contrast to a professional,vocational,or technical curriculum". Generally,a full-time,four-year course of study at a liberal arts college leads students to earning the Bachelor of Arts or the Bachelor of Science.
In Japan,each school has a different grading system. Many universities use the following set of categories:
An examination or test is an educational assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge,skill,aptitude,physical fitness,or classification in many other topics. A test may be administered verbally,on paper,on a computer,or in a predetermined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills.
Jane Close Conoley is an American academic administrator who serves as the president of California State University,Long Beach.
SAT Subject Tests were a set of multiple-choice standardized tests given by The College Board on individual topics,typically taken to improve a student's credentials for college admissions in the United States. For most of their existence,from their introduction in 1937 until 1994,the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests,and until January 2005,they were known as SAT II:Subject Tests. They are still commonly known by these names. Unlike the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) that the College Board offers,which are intended to measure general aptitude for academic studies,the Achievement Tests are intended to measure the level of knowledge and understanding in a variety of specific subjects. Like the SAT,the scores for an Achievement Test range from 200 (lowest) to 800 (highest).
Tania Israel is an American psychologist and professor in the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education at the University of California,Santa Barbara (UCSB). Her research focuses on the development and implementation of interventions to support the mental health and well-being of LGBTQ individuals and communities. Israel has presented about dialogue across political lines and is the author of Beyond Your Bubble:How to Connect Across the Political Divide,Skills and Strategies for Conversations That Work and Facing the Fracture:How to Navigate the Challenges of Living in a Divided Nation. She is also known for writing song lyrics,memoir,and bisexual haiku.
References
- 1 2 Rebecca Zwick, Professor Emeritus, Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, retrieved 2017-11-12
- 1 2 Reviews of Who Gets In?:
- Bella DePaulo (April 2017), Psychology Today ,
- Scott Jaschik (May 2017), Inside Higher Education ,
- Basil Smilke Jr. (May 2017), New York Journal of Books,
- Jamaal Abdul-Alim (July 2017), Diverse Issues in Higher Education 34 (12),
- 1 2 Author biography from 'Who Gets In? Strategies for Fair and Effective College Admissions
- ↑ ASA Fellows list, American Statistical Association, retrieved 2017-11-12
