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Formica is a genus of ants of the subfamily Formicinae, including species commonly known as wood ants, mound ants, thatching ants, and field ants. Formica is the type genus of the Formicidae, and of the subfamily Formicinae. The type species of genus Formica is the European red wood ant Formica rufa. Ants of this genus tend to be between 4 and 8 mm long. Ants belonging to the Formica genus possess a single knob or bump located between their thorax and abdomen. These ants primarily feed on honeydew, a sugary liquid produced by aphids. Formica ants appear to take on a shepherding role with smaller aphids, relocating them to different parts of plants to ensure a continuous food source for the aphids. By doing so, the ants can establish a relatively sustainable honeydew supply for both themselves and their colony.
Formica rufa, also known as the red wood ant, southern wood ant, or horse ant, is a boreal member of the Formica rufa group of ants, and is the type species for that group, being described already by Linnaeus. It is native to Eurasia, with a recorded distribution stretching from the middle of Scandinavia to the northern Iberia and Anatolia, and from Great Britain to Lake Baikal, with unconfirmed reportings of it also to the Russian Far East. There are claims that it can be found in North America, but this is not confirmed in specialised literature, and no recent publication where North American wood ants are listed mentions it as present, while records from North America are all listed as dubious or unconfirmed in a record compilation. The workers' heads and thoraces are colored red and the abdomen brownish-black, usually with dark patches on the head and promensonotum, although some individuals may be more uniform reddish and even have some red on the part of the gaster facing the body. In order to separate them from closely related species, specimens needs to be inspected under magnification, where difference in hairiness are among the telling characteristics, with Formica rufa being hairier than per example Formica polyctena but less hairy than Formica lugubris. Workers are polymorphic, measuring 4.5–9 mm in length. They have large mandibles, and like many other ant species, they are able to spray formic acid from their abdomens as a defence. Formic acid was first extracted in 1671 by the English naturalist John Ray by distilling a large number of crushed ants of this species. Adult wood ants primarily feed on honeydew from aphids. Some groups form large networks of connected nests with multiple queen colonies, while others have single-queen colonies.
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Formica fusca is a black-colored ant commonly found throughout Europe as well as parts of southern Asia and Africa. It has the common names silky ant or dusky ant. The range within the palaearctic region extends from Portugal in the west to Japan in the east and from Italy in the south to Fennoscandia in the north. Populations from North America have been split off as a separate species, Formica subaenescens. F. fusca nests are usually found in rotten tree stumps or under stones in clearcut areas and along woodland borders and hedgerows. The species also often occurs in urban areas, feeding on honeydew secreted by the aphids found on weeds.
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Formica sanguinea, or blood-red ant, is a species of facultative slave-maker ant in the genus Formica characterized by the ability to secrete formic acid. It ranges from Central and Northern Europe through Russia to Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula, Africa and also the United States. This species is coloured red and black with workers up to 7 mm long.
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References
- ↑ W. Czechowski, E. J. Godzińska, M. W. Kozłowski, 2002. Rescue behaviour shown by workers of Formica sanguinea Latr., F. fusca L. and F. cinerea Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in response to their nestmates caught by an ant lion larva. Annales Zoologici 52: 423-431.
- ↑ Nowbahari, Elise; Hollis, Karen L. (2010). "Rescue behavior: Distinguishing between rescue, cooperation and other forms of altruistic behavior". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 3 (2): 77–79. doi:10.4161/cib.3.2.10018. ISSN 1942-0889. PMC 2889958 . PMID 20585494.
- ↑ Miler, Krzysztof; Turza, Filip (2021). ""O Sister, Where Art Thou?"—A Review on Rescue of Imperiled Individuals in Ants". Biology. 10 (11): 1079. doi: 10.3390/biology10111079 . ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 8614747 . PMID 34827072.
- ↑ Jack, Katharine M.; Brown, Michaela R.; Buehler, Margaret S.; Cheves Hernadez, Saul; Ferrero Marín, Nuria; Kulick, Nelle K.; Lieber, Sophie E. (2020). "Cooperative rescue of a juvenile capuchin (Cebus imitator) from a Boa constrictor". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16814. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1016814J. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73476-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7544904 . PMID 33033278.
- ↑ Crampton, Joel; Frère, Celine H.; Potvin, Dominique A. (2022). "Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen cooperate to remove tracking devices". Australian Field Ornithology. 39: 7–11. doi: 10.20938/afo39007011 . S2CID 246899904.
- ↑ Masilkova, Michaela; Ježek, Miloš; Silovský, Václav; Faltusová, Monika; Rohla, Jan; Kušta, Tomáš; Burda, Hynek (2021). "Observation of rescue behaviour in wild boar (Sus scrofa)". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 16217. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1116217M. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95682-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8355341 . PMID 34376774.
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