Restoration and Extension of South African Citizenship Act No. 196 of 1993 | |
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Parliament of South Africa | |
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Enacted by | Parliament of South Africa |
Assented to | 22 December 1993 |
Commenced | 1 January 1994 |
Repealed by | |
South African Citizenship Act, 1995 | |
Status: Repealed |
The Restoration and Extension of South African Citizenship Act (Act No. 196 of 1993) was a naturalisation law passed during the at the end of apartheid era of South Africa in 1993 and prior to first election in 1994. It restored South African citizenship rights to black South African's lost with the creation of four independent "homelands" or Bantustans.
This Act of Parliament restored South African citizenship to Black inhabitants of independent homelands of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei. These independent states where given self-government between 1972 and 1977 due to an Apartheid policy of forced removal of all black inhabitants out of what was planned to be, a "white South Africa", and into homelands belonging to one of ten possible Black racial groups. [1] Around seven million people regained their citizenship and allowed them to vote in the first 1994 South African general election open to all races. [2]
The following is a brief description of the sections of the Restoration and Extension of South African Citizenship Act, 1993: [3]
Defines the explanations of keywords in the Act.
Defines the restoration of South African citizenship to citizens that had lost it due to the enactment of four acts governing the independent homelands mention in the schedule.
Defines the restoration of South African citizenship to citizens that would have been, by birth or descent South African, if had been lost due to the enactment of four law acts in the schedule for the independent homelands.
Defines that citizenship by naturalization can be applied for and would be granted for those who were defined as citizens of the independent homelands as described by the Acts in the schedule.
Defines the end of citizenship determination in the independent homelands as described in the Acts listed in the schedule.
Defines the interpretation of certain references in South African Citizenship Act, 1949 to South African citizens and citizenship.
Defines the repealing of the Restoration of South African Citizenship Act, 1986 (Act No. 73 of 1986).
Defines the name of the Act.
This act repealed the Restoration of South African Citizenship Act, 1986 (Act No. 73 of 1986) and later, in 1995 a new law governing citizenship in South Africa was enacted with the passing of the South African Citizenship Act, 1995.
Bophuthatswana, officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana, was a Bantustan that was declared (nominally) independent by the apartheid regime of South Africa in 1977. However, like the other Bantustans of Ciskei, Transkei and Venda, its independence was not recognized by any country other than South Africa.
Transkei, officially the Republic of Transkei, was an unrecognised state in the southeastern region of South Africa from 1976 to 1994. It was, along with Ciskei, a Bantustan for the Xhosa people, and operated as a nominally independent parliamentary democracy. Its capital was Umtata.
A Bantustan was a territory that the National Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa, as a part of its policy of apartheid.
Ciskei, officially the Republic of Ciskei, was a Bantustan for the Xhosa people, located in the southeast of South Africa. It covered an area of 7,700 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi), almost entirely surrounded by what was then the Cape Province, and possessed a small coastline along the shore of the Indian Ocean.
KwaNdebele was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Ndebele people. The homeland was created when the South African government purchased nineteen white-owned farms and installed a government.
South African nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of South Africa. The primary law governing nationality requirements is the South African Citizenship Act, 1995, which came into force on 6 October 1995.
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970 was a denaturalization law passed during the apartheid era of South Africa that allocated various tribes/nations of black South Africans as citizens of their traditional black tribal "homelands," or Bantustans.
The system of racial segregation and oppression in South Africa known as apartheid was implemented and enforced by many acts and other laws. This legislation served to institutionalize racial discrimination and the dominance by white people over people of other races. While the bulk of this legislation was enacted after the election of the National Party government in 1948, it was preceded by discriminatory legislation enacted under earlier British and Afrikaner governments. Apartheid is distinguished from segregation in other countries by the systematic way in which it was formalized in law.
The 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis was a major political crisis which began after Lucas Mangope, the president of Bophuthatswana, a nominally independent South African bantustan created under apartheid, attempted to crush widespread labour unrest and popular demonstrations demanding the incorporation of the territory into South Africa pending non-racial elections later that year. Violent protests immediately broke out following President Mangope's announcement on 7 March that Bophuthatswana would boycott the South African general elections. This was escalated by the arrival of right-wing Afrikaner militias seeking to preserve the Mangope government. The predominantly black Bophuthatswana Defence Force and police refused to cooperate with the white extremists and mutinied, then forced the Afrikaner militias to leave Bophuthatswana. The South African military entered Bophuthatswana and restored order on 12 March.
The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country.
The Extension of University Education Act, Act 45 of 1959, formed part of the apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa. This act made it a criminal offense for a non-white student to register at a formerly open university without the written permission of the Minister of Internal Affairs. New universities were then established for various non-white groups.
The Bantu Homelands Constitution Act enabled the government of South Africa to grant independence to any "Homeland" as determined by the South African apartheid government. It was renamed several times, becoming the Black States Constitution Act, 1971, then the National States Constitution Act, 1971, and finally the Self-governing Territories Constitution Act, 1971. In accordance with this act, independence was eventually granted to Transkei in 1976, Bophuthatswana in 1977, Venda in 1979, and Ciskei in 1981.
The first South African military medal was a campaign medal, the South Africa Medal, instituted in 1854 by Queen Victoria, the sovereign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for award to officers and men of the Royal Navy and British Army who served on the Eastern Frontier of the Cape Colony between 1834 and 1853 during the Xhosa Wars.
151 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.
118 South African Infantry Battalion was a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.
Rank comparison charts of armies/land forces of apartheid states and territories in Southern Africa.
The 1987 Transkei coup d'état was a bloodless military coup in Transkei, an unrecognised state and a nominally independent South African homeland for the Xhosa people, which took place on 30 December 1987. The coup was led by the then 32-year-old Major General Bantu Holomisa, the Chief of the Transkei Defence Force, against the government of Prime Minister Stella Sigcau (TNIP). Holomisa suspended the civilian constitution and refused South Africa's repeated demands for a return to civilian rule on the grounds that a civilian government would be a puppet controlled by Pretoria.
The 1990 Ciskei coup d'état was a bloodless military coup in Ciskei, an unrecognised state and a nominally independent South African homeland for the Xhosa people, which took place on 4 March 1990. The coup was led by the then 37-year-old Brigadier Oupa Gqozo, the Chief of Staff Intelligence of the Ciskei Defence Force, against the government of President for Life Lennox Sebe (CNIP), who was on a state visit to Hong Kong at the time. The coup was followed by widespread rioting and looting, prompting Gqozo to request that the South African government send SADF troops to help restore order.
The 1990 Venda coup d'état was a bloodless military coup in Venda, an unrecognised state and a nominally independent South African homeland for the Venda people, which took place on 5 April 1990. The coup was led by the then 48-year-old Colonel Gabriel Ramushwana, the Chief of Staff of the Venda Defence Force, against the government of President Frank Ravele (NPV).