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Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation based on a combination of harmonic structure, the use of scales and occasional references to the melody.
John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, educator and singer. He was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuosic style of Roy Eldridge but adding layers of harmonic and rhythmic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His combination of musicianship, showmanship, and wit made him a leading popularizer of the new music called bebop. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, scat singing, bent horn, pouched cheeks, and light-hearted personality have made him an enduring icon.
William Clarence Eckstine was an American jazz and pop singer and a bandleader during the swing and bebop eras. He was noted for his rich, almost operatic bass-baritone voice. In 2019, Eckstine was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award "for performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording." His recording of "I Apologize" was given the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999. The New York Times described him as an "influential band leader" whose "suave bass-baritone" and "full-throated, sugary approach to popular songs inspired singers like Earl Coleman, Johnny Hartman, Joe Williams, Arthur Prysock, and Lou Rawls."
Theodore "Fats" Navarro was an American jazz trumpet player. He was a pioneer of the bebop style of jazz improvisation in the 1940s. He had a strong stylistic influence on many other players, including Clifford Brown.
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The Sunset Cafe, also known as The Grand Terrace Cafe, was a jazz club in Chicago, Illinois operating during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. It was one of the most important jazz clubs in America, especially during the period between 1917 and 1928 when Chicago became a creative capital of jazz innovation and again during the emergence of bebop in the early 1940s. From its inception, the club was a rarity as a haven from segregation, since the Sunset Cafe was an integrated or "Black and Tan" club where African Americans, along with other ethnicities, could mingle freely with white Americans without much fear of reprisal. Many important musicians developed their careers at the Sunset/Grand Terrace Cafe.
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Leslie Spann Jr. was an American jazz guitarist and flautist. As a sideman he recorded with Nat Adderley, Benny Bailey, Bill Coleman, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Curtis Fuller, Red Garland, Benny Goodman, Sam Jones, Abbey Lincoln, Charles Mingus, Duke Pearson, Jerome Richardson, Charlie Shavers, Sonny Stitt, Billy Taylor, Randy Weston, and Ben Webster. As a leader he recorded only once, the album Gemini in 1961.
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Dizzy Gillespie at Newport is a 1957 live album by Dizzy Gillespie, featuring his big band, recorded at the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival.
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Ann Baker was an American jazz singer. Baker was discovered by Louie Armstrong and played with his band on Broadway. She is best known for her time spent as a member of Billy Eckstine's band, "The Dream Band" where she performed with Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Miles Davis and Art Blakey.
Arnold Ross was an American jazz pianist.
Emmett I. Brown Jr. was a professional photographer who is most noted for documenting Indianapolis, Indiana's jazz music scene along Indiana Avenue, a hub of activity for the city's African-American community in the 1940s and 1950s. Brown opened his own photography studio, the Brown Show Case, on Indiana Avenue in the late 1940s. During a brief residence in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the mid-1950s, Brown opened a photography studio and became an editor at Sepia magazine. Brown returned to Indianapolis in 1956 and established a new studio on the city's eastside, where he concentrated on portraits and did freelance photography, including work for the Indianapolis Recorder. During his twenty-year career, cut short due to a heart ailment, Brown photographed Dizzy Gillespie, jazz trombonist Jimmy Cleveland, the Hampton Sisters, the Milt Buckner Trio, and The Mills Brothers, among others. He also photographed local churches, businesses, and street scenes, as well as notable individuals in Indianapolis's African-American community and nationally known boxers Joe Louis and Sugar Ray Robinson.
Jean Starr was an actress, dancer, and trumpeter who became a Chicago society figure after marrying Chicago numbers racket tycoon and Jones brothers, McKissack "Mack" McHenry Jones, and becoming Jean Starr Jones.
Hortense Allen Jordan was an African-American dancer, choreographer, costume designer, and producer.
References
- 1 2 Webb, Graham (July 13, 2020). "Encyclopedia of American Short Films, 1926–1959". McFarland – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Celluloid Improvisations ♫ LEARN". www.jazz-on-film.com.
- ↑ Pitts, Michael R. (2019-04-25). Astor Pictures: A Filmography and History of the Reissue King, 1933–1965. McFarland. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4766-7649-4 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Stratemann, Klaus (November 29, 1981). "Negro Bands on Film: Big bands, 1928–1950". Verlag Uhle & Kleimann – via Google Books.
- ↑ Moon, Spencer; Allen, Linda (November 29, 1997). "Reel Black Talk: A Sourcebook of 50 American Filmmakers". Greenwood Publishing Group – via Google Books.
- ↑ "RHYTHM IN A RIFF". Library of Congress.
- ↑ "Eckstine, Millinder Make Pix to Hypo Tour Grosses". Billboard. July 27, 1946 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie; Markoe, Arnold (November 29, 2001). "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: 1991–1993. Vol. 3". Charles Scribner's Sons – via Google Books.
- ↑ Rustin, Nichole T.; Tucker, Sherrie (November 7, 2008). "Big Ears: Listening for Gender in Jazz Studies". Duke University Press – via Google Books.
- ↑ Clear, Rebecca D. (November 29, 1993). "Jazz on Film and Video in the Library of Congress". DIANE Publishing – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Indianapolis Recorder 3 September 1949 — Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program" – via newspapers.library.in.gov.
- ↑ Sims, Gayle Ronan. "Ex-dancer Hortense Allen Jordan dies at 88". Inquirer.
- ↑ "Permanent Collection". Oakton Community College.
- ↑ "King Kolax Discography". campber.people.clemson.edu.
